Fig. 3.

Exposure to E,S-conophthorin reduces feeding damage on S. altissima. T. virgata larvae consumed significantly less leaf tissue on plants exposed to the E. solidaginis emission blend or the most abundant compound in the blend, E,S-conophthorin, compared to solvent controls. S. altissima exposed to the second most abundant compound, 1-nonanol, received a similar amount of damage to control plants. Exposure of plants to a mixture of racemic (2E)- and (2Z)-2-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane resulted in an intermediate reduction in feeding damage (ANOVA F _4,25 = 9.53, P = 0.001, n = 6). Data shown are not transformed but statistical analyses were performed on log-transformed data. Bars marked with different letter indicates significant differences (Tukey post hoc test, P ≤ 0.05). Error bars correspond to standard errors