Table 2.
Change from baseline in gait variables
| Variable Change from baseline |
Control group (n=22) | Exercise group (n=24) | Group difference | |
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Hip kinematics (stance and swing) | ||||
| Max. flexion angle, degrees | −0.5 (−3.4 to 2.4) | −1.7 (−4.4 to 1.1) | 1.2 (−2.8 to 5.1) | 0.56 |
| Max. extension angle, degrees | −1.6 (−5.0 to 1.8) | −0.6 (−3.9 to 2.6) | −0.9 (−5.6 to 3.8) | 0.69 |
| Max. adduction angle, degrees | −0.1 (−2.1 to 1.9) | 0.1 (−1.7 to 2.0) | −0.2 (−3.0 to 2.5) | 0.86 |
| Max. abduction angle, degrees | −0.2 (−1.7 to 1.3) | −0.4 (−1.9 to 1.0) | 0.2 (−1.9 to 2.3) | 0.84 |
| Max. external rotation angle, degrees | −2.7 (−8.2 to 2.7) | −0.1 (−5.4 to 5.1) | −2.6 (−10.2 to 5.0) | 0.50 |
| Max. internal rotation angle, degrees | −3.1 (−9.0 to 2.8) | −0.8 (−6.4 to 4.9) | −2.4 (−10.5 to 5.8) | 0.56 |
| Hip kinetics (stance only; net internal moments) | ||||
| Peak extensor moment, Nm/kg | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.09) | −0.00 (−0.12 to 0.12) | −0.03 (−0.21 to 0.14) | 0.72 |
| Peak flexor moment, Nm/kg | −0.05 (−0.16 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.06) | −0.00 (−0.16 to 0.16) | 0.99 |
| First peak abductor moment, Nm/kg | −0.00 (−0.09 to 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.07 to 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.14 to 0.11) | 0.81 |
| Second peak adductor moment, Nm/kg | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.02) | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.10) | −0.09 (−0.18 to 0.01) | 0.07 |
| First peak lateral rotation moment, Nm/kg | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.88 |
| Second peak medial rotation moment, Nm/kg | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.00 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.05 to 0.00) | 0.09 |
| First peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | −0.01 (−0.12 to 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.13 to 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.17) | 0.86 |
| Second peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) | 0.05 (−0.07 to 0.16) | −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.15) | 0.77 |
| Positive work (stance), Joule | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | 0.50 |
| Negative work (stance), Joule | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.05) | 0.45 |
| Knee kinematics (stance and swing) | ||||
| Angle at heel strike, degrees | 1.3 (−1.3 to 3.9) | −0.2 (−2.8 to 2.3) | 1.5 (2.1 to 5.2) | 0.41 |
| First flexion angle (early stance), degrees | 1.7 (−0.8 to 4.2) | −1.2 (−3.6 to 1.3) | 2.9 (−0.7 to 6.4) | 0.11 |
| Mid-stance extension angle, degrees | 1.1 (−1.6 to 3.7) | −1.3 (−3.8 to 1.3) | 2.3 (−1.4 to 6.1) | 0.22 |
| Swing phase flexion angle, degrees | −0.6 (−3.8 to 2.7) | −1.1 (−4.2 to 2.1) | 0.5 (−4.0 to 5.1) | 0.81 |
| Knee kinetics (stance only; net internal moments) | ||||
| First peak extensor moment (early stance), Nm/kg | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | −0.01 (−0.15 to 0.12) | 0.05 (−0.14 to 0.25) | 0.59 |
| Second peak flexor moment (late stance), Nm/kg | 0.05 (−0.02 to 0.11) | −0.5 (−0.11 to 0.01) | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.19) | 0.04 |
| First peak abductor moment, Nm/kg | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.12) | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.13) | −0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09) | 0.84 |
| Second peak abductor moment, Nm/kg | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.014) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.16) | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08) | 0.72 |
| Abductor angular impulse, Nm×s/kg | 2.91 (−0.60 to 6.41) | 3.09 (−0.27 to 6.45) | −0.18 (−5.04 to 4.58) | 0.94 |
| First peak medial rotation moment, Nm/kg | 0.004 (−0.02 to 0.03) | 0.025 (0.004 to 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | 0.17 |
| Second peak lateral rotation moment, Nm/kg | −0.02 (−0.04; −0.00) | −0.013 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | 0.48 |
| First peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 0.05 (−0.05 to 0.15) | 0.04 (-0.06 to 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.14 to 0.15) | 0.91 |
| Second peak resultant moment, Nm/kg | 0.04 (−0.02 to 0.10) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06) | 0.59 |
| Positive work (stance), Joule | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | 0.02 (-0.04 to 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.09 to 0.08) | 0.84 |
| Negative work (stance), Joule | 0.003 (−0.04 to 0.05) | −0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) | 0.69 |
| Ankle kinematics (stance and swing) | ||||
| Max. plantarflexion (early stance), degrees | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.3) | −1.6 (−3.3 to 0.2) | 1.1 (−1.4 to 3.6) | 0.38 |
| Max. dorsiflexion (late stance), degrees | −0.1 (−1.9 to 1.7) | −1.3 (−3.0 to 0.5) | 1.1 (−1.5 to 3.7) | 0.38 |
| Swing phase dorsiflexion angle, degrees | 2.3 (−0.5 to 5.0) | −0.4 (−3.0 to 2.2) | 2.7 (−1.2 to 6.5) | 0.17 |
| Ankle kinetics (stance only; net internal moments) | ||||
| Peak dorsiflexor moment (early stance), Nm/kg | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07) | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.10) | 0.48 |
| Peak plantarflexor moment (late stance), Nm/kg | −0.07 (−0.18 to 0.04) | −0.00 (−0.11 to 0.10) | −0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08) | 0.37 |
| Peak resultant moment (late stance), Nm/kg | −0.07 (−0.19 to 0.04) | −0.00 (-0.11 to 0.10) | −0.07 (−0.23 to 0.083) | 0.36 |
| Positive work (stance), Joule | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03) | 0.00 (-0.03 to 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | 0.67 |
| Negative work (stance), Joule | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | −0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | 0.46 |
| Spatiotemporal variables | ||||
| Walking speed, m/s | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.11) | 0.79 |
| Step length, m | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05) | 0.74 |
| Cadence, steps/min | −2.9 (−7.1 to 1.4) | −1.8 (−5.8 to 2.3) | −1.1 (−6.9 to 4.8) | 0.71 |
| Double support, % | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | 0.45 |
| Single support, % | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.00 to 0.03) | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.74 |
| Foot progression angle, degrees | 1.0 (−1.4 to 3.4) | −1.4 (−3.7 to 0.9) | 2.4 (−0.9 to 5.7) | 0.15 |
| Ground reaction forces and support moment (stance only) | ||||
| First peak vertical ground reaction force, N | −1.5 (−6.6 to 3.7) | 1.0 (−4.0 to 5.9) | −2.4 (−9.7 to 4.7) | 0.50 |
| Second peak vertical ground reaction force, N | −2.7 (−5.9 to 0.6) | 2.3 (−0.9 to 5.4) | −4.9 (−9.5:−0.4) | 0.03 |
| First peak a-p ground reaction force, N | −0.9 (−3.4 to 1.5) | −0.0 (−2.4 to 2.3) | −0.9 (−4.3 to 2.4) | 0.59 |
| Second peak a-p ground reaction force, N | 1.2 (−1.0 to 3.5) | 0.8 (−1.4 to 2.9) | 0.4 (−2.6 to 3.5) | 0.77 |
| First peak support moment, Nm/kg | −0.03 (−0.25 to 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.18 to 0.25) | −0.06 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.68 |
| Second peak support moment, Nm/kg | 0.02 (−0.13 to 0.17) | 0.09 (−0.05 to 0.23) | −0.07 (−0.28 to 0.13) | 0.49 |