Table 3.
Pedictors of pre-hypertension compared to normal blood pressure
| Sociodemographics | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|
| Age in years | ||
| 18–19 | 1 (Reference) | --- |
| 20–21 | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | |
| 22–30 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Male | 2.70 (2.32–3.14)*** | 2.56 (2.17–3.02)*** |
| Economic family background | ||
| Wealthy | 1 (Reference) | --- |
| Poor | 0.92 (0.79–1.09) | |
| Country income | ||
| Upper middle income | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Lower middle income | 0.52 (0.45–0.60)*** | 0.52 (0.42–0.64)*** |
| Living arrangement | ||
| Lives with parents/guardians | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Lives away from parents/guardians | 1.38 (1.16–1.64)*** | 1.39 (1.03–1.89)* |
| Nutrition variables | ||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||
| Normal | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Underweight | 0.64 (0.51–0.79)*** | 0.67 (0.52–0.87)** |
| Overweight | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) |
| Obese | 2.28 (1.84–2.82)*** | 1.94 (1.55–2.43)*** |
| Usually eat salt | 0.77 (0.65–0.91)** | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) |
| Avoid foods containing fat and cholesterol | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | --- |
| Insufficient fruits and vegetables | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) | --- |
| Soft drinks (once or more a week)1 | 1.34 (1.11–1.61)** | 1.56 (1.27–1.92)*** |
| Fast food (once or more a week)1 | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | --- |
| Red meat at least once a day | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | --- |
| Chocolate or candy1 | ||
| Never or rarely | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| 1–6 times a week | 0.73 (0.60–0.88)** | 0.74 (0.60–0.90)** |
| Once or more times a day | 0.70 (0.53–0.91)** | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) |
| Health behaviour | ||
| Physical activity | ||
| Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Moderate | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) |
| High | 1.36 (1.08–1.71)** | 1.25 (0.98–1.59) |
| Current tobacco use | 1.65 (1.16–1.64)** | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
| Heavy drinking at least monthly | 1.96 (1.32–2.54)*** | 1.91 (1.43–2.54)*** |
| Sleep duration | ||
| 7–8 h | 1 (Reference) | --- |
| 6 or less hours | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | |
| 9 or more hours | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | |
| Psychosocial stress and support | ||
| Depression (severe) | 1.51 (1.20–1.90)*** | 1.32 (1.00–1.76)* |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | --- |
| Life satisfaction | ||
| Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Medium | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 1.01 (0.78–1.31) |
| High | 0.71 (0.60–0.84)*** | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) |
| Social support | ||
| Low | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| High | 0.80 (0.69–0.93)** | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) |
aHosmer & Lemeshow Chi-square = 15.14, P = 0.057; Nagelkerke R2: 0.12; ***P < .001; **P < .01; *P < .05
UOR Unadjusted Odds Ratio; AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI Confidence Interval; 1not assessed in Laos and Philippines