Fig. 1.

Offspring characteristics. Body weight was increased in 12-week-old female offspring of HFD dams but not in males compared to controls (a), whereas at 24 weeks of age the body weight was increased in both male and female offspring of HFD dams (b). Arterial blood pressure was increased in the male offspring of HFD dams from week 20 onwards (c) but in female offspring it was elevated from week 12 (d). Fat pads were larger in 24-week-old male (e) and female (f) offspring of HFD dams. Plasma insulin levels were increased in both the 24-week-old male (g) and female (h) offspring of HFD dams. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, n = 10; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001, 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA or unpaired t test, as appropriate. CO, controls; m, males; f, females; wo, weeks old.