Fig 4. Effects of plasma containing EV on leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells from flow.

HUVEC was pre-treated for 24h with plasma EV from healthy controls or trauma patients, with or without treatment with TNF (5U/ml) for the last 4h. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or neutrophils (PMN) were perfused at a wall shear stress of 0.05 Pa for 4min followed by 5min washout, and adherent cells counted. Results for patient plasma were expressed relative to healthy control plasma tested on the same day with the same HUVEC and leukocytes. A, B. PBMC adhesion after the absence or presence TNF. C, D. Neutrophil adhesion after the absence or presence TNF. All data are mean ± SEM (number of patients tested at each time in brackets). In A, the ratio of adhesion for patient:control plasma was significantly >1 for all samples tested (p<0.01), but the increase was not statistically significant at any particular day.