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Evaluation of phagocytic potential of macrophages. A. Modulation of neutral red uptake and B. Phagocytosis of neutral red stained zymosan by macrophages (Mφ). Macrophages co-cultured with the conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) pulsed with different concentrations of caffeine [0.1 (T0.1), 0.5 (T0.5), and 1 (T1) mM] or the conditioned medium of MSCs alone (T0) for 24 hours.
**; P<0.001 vs. other groups, *; P<0.001 vs. Mφ, and #; P<0.001 vs. T0.
