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Bile salt sensing by VtrA/VtrC. (A) Schematic of bile salt signaling network formed by VtrA, VtrB and VtrC. The VtrA/VtrC complex senses bile salts in the periplasm, which activates the VtrA cytoplasmic DNA-binding domain to promote vtrB transcription, resulting in T3SS expression. P: periplasm; IM: inner membrane, C: cytoplasm. (B) Structure of the VtrA/VtrC periplasmic domain complex with the ligand taurodeoxycholate (TDC).
