Figure 3. Associations between weekly PM2.5 levels over gestation and waist-to-hip ratio: interaction by sex.
This figure demonstrates the association between PM2.5 exposure over pregnancy and waist-to-hip ratio using BDLIM assuming week-specific effects. Models were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, and child’s age at anthropometric measurement. The y-axis represents the change in waist-to-hip ratio corresponding to per μg/m3 increase in PM2.5; the x-axis is gestational age in weeks. Solid lines show the predicted change in waist-to-hip ratio. Gray areas indicate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A sensitive window is identified for the weeks where the estimated pointwise 95% CI (shaded area) does not include zero.