TABLE 2.

Clinical conditions resulting in an atypical (dysbiotic) ^*intestinal colonization in the perinatal period

Phase one: Interuterine period

Dysbiosis in the maternal intestine (obesity, use of antibiotics) can affect the transplacental passage of microbiota into amniotic fluid

Phase two: Sparse inadequate colonization due to maternal dysbiosis, premature delivery, caesarean section delivery or use of perinatal prophylactic antibiotics

Phases three and four: Introduction of feeding results in slight modification of the colonization process

Phase five: Delayed, incomplete colonization until four to six years

^*more susceptibility to pathogens and immune-mediated disease, e.g. atopy