Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with and without retinopathy.
| Characteristics | Retinopathy absent | Retinopathy present | *P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1134) | (n = 122) | ||
| Age, (years) | 54.05 (8.77) | 55.79 (8.26) | 0.037 |
| Gender, males | 505 (44.53) | 45 (36.89) | 0.106 |
| Education, secondary/above | 447 (39.42) | 41 (33.61) | 0.211 |
| Current smoking, yes | 223 (19.67) | 22 (18.03) | 0.666 |
| Alcohol, yes | 23 (2.03) | 3 (2.46) | 0.751 |
| Diabetes, yes | 242 (21.34) | 71 (58.20) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, yes | 648 (57.14) | 85 (69.67) | 0.008 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.15 (1.28) | 7.68 (2.32) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 140.60 (21.16) | 149.41 (23.57) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79.21 (10.67) | 79.84 (10.72) | 0.536 |
| Random blood glucose (mmol/L) | 6.12 (2.93) | 9.74 (5.72) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.56 (4.85) | 26.98 (4.80) | 0.366 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.61 (1.03) | 5.54 (1.05) | 0.484 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.37 (0.33) | 1.34 (0.33) | 0.336 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.28 (14.26) | 84.02 (14.98) | 0.586 |
| hsCRP (mmol/L) | 3.59 (7.40) | 3.12 (2.84) | 0.491 |
| CRAE (µm) | 132.70 (11.87) | 133.52 (12.33) | 0.469 |
| CRVE (µm) | 201.90 (16.62) | 206.47 (16.65) | 0.004 |
| Fractal dimension | 1.41 (0.044) | 1.42 (0.04) | 0.013 |
| Arteriolar tortuosity | 0.00030 (0.00013) | 0.00030 (0.00014) | 0.051 |
| Venular tortuosity | 0.00043 (0.00025) | 0.00048 (0.00025) | 0.385 |
| Arteriolar branching | 77.13 (10.47) | 78.03 (11.95) | 0.376 |
| Venular branching | 79.63 (9.93) | 79.16 (10.14) | 0.620 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CRAE: central retinal artery equivalent; CRVE: central retinal vein equivalent; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Data presented are mean (standard deviation) or frequency (percentage), where appropriate. *P- value was based on chi-square or t-test where appropriate.