Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of persons with and without incident CKD at follow-up.
| Characteristics | No incident CKD | Incident CKD | *P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1178) | (n = 78) | ||
| Age (years) | 53.67 (8.55) | 62.44 (7.30) | <0.001 |
| Gender, males | 661 (56.11) | 45 (57.69) | 0.785 |
| Secondary/above education | 472 (40.07) | 16 (20.51) | 0.001 |
| Current smoking, yes | 233 (19.78) | 12 (15.38) | 0.343 |
| Alcohol, yes | 26 (2.21) | 0 (0) | 0.185 |
| Diabetes, yes | 258 (21.90) | 55 (70.51) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, yes | 659 (55.94) | 74 (94.87) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.20(1.38) | 7.77 (2.10) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 140.10 (20.83) | 161.90 (22.06) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79.07 (10.55) | 82.32 (10.99) | 0.009 |
| Random blood glucose (mmol/L) | 6.24 (3.14) | 9.89 (5.77) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.56 (4.85) | 26.98 (4.80) | 0.366 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.61 (1.03) | 5.55 (1.08) | 0.672 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.37 (0.33) | 1.28 (0.32) | 0.017 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.67 (14.36) | 78.69 (12.98) | 0.003 |
| hsCRP (mmol/L) | 3.56 (7.29) | 3.31 (2.77) | 0.765 |
| CRAE (µm) | 132.77 (11.85) | 132.96 (12.85) | 0.888 |
| CRVE (µm) | 202.21 (16.40) | 204.37 (20.36) | 0.267 |
| Fractal dimension | 1.41 (0.04) | 1.40 (0.05) | 0.003 |
| Arteriolar tortuosity | 0.00031 (0.0001) | 0.00026 (0.0001) | 0.002 |
| Venular tortuosity | 0.00047 (0.0003) | 0.00045 (0.0002) | 0.495 |
| Arteriolar branching angle | 77.21 (10.63) | 77.20 (10.51) | 0.989 |
| Venular branching angle | 79.58 (978) | 79.58 (12.28) | 0.999 |
| Retinopathy, yes | 96 (8.15) | 26 (33.33) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CRAE: central retinal artery equivalent; CRVE: central retinal vein equivalent; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Data presented are mean (standard deviation) or frequency (percentage), where appropriate. *P-value was based on chi-square, or t test, where appropriate.