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. 2017 Aug 24;7:9374. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09204-2

Table 3.

Association between retinal vascular parameters and incident CKD.

No at risk No. with CKD (%) Age Gender Model Multivariable Model*
HR (95%CI) P-value HR (95%CI) P-value
CRAE (µm)
Tertile 3 (137.24–175.89) 418 26 (6.22) Referent Referent
Tertile 2 (127.42–137.23) 419 20 (4.77) 0.79 (0.45, 1.39) 0.415 0.88 (0.47, 1.67) 0.704
Tertile 1 (90.63–127.41) 419 32 (7.64) 1.00 (0.59, 1.71) 0.979 1.02 (0.51, 2.07) 0.952
CRAE per sd (11.91)↓ 1256 78 (6.21) 1.11 (0.90, 1.37) 0.321 1.34 (1.00, 1.78) 0.048
P-trend 0.973 0.932
CRVE (µm)
Tertile 1 (118.81–195.79) 418 22 (5.26) Referent Referent
Tertile 2 (195.82–208.71) 419 25 (5.97) 1.94 (1.07, 3.49) 0.028 2.65 (1.40, 5.03) 0.003
Tertile 3 (208.72–256.95) 419 31 (7.40) 1.94 (1.11, 3.38) 0.020 2.35 (1.12, 5.94) 0.025
CRVE per sd (16.67)↑ 1256 78 (6.21) 1.2 (0.99, 1.46) 0.064 1.25 (0.95, 1.65) 0.116
P-trend 0.021 0.024
Arteriolar tortuosity, per sd (12.71 × 10−5)↓ 1256 78 (6.21) 1.35 (1.01, 1.81) 0.045 1.28 (0.96, 1.70) 0.088
Venular tortuosity, per sd (24.63 × 10−5)↓ 1256 78 (6.21) 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) 0.486 1.24 (0.91, 1.68) 0.171
Fractal dimension, per sd (0.044)↑ 1256 78 (6.21) 0.91 (0.73, 1.12) 0.348 0.91 (0.72 1.14) 0.401
Arteriolar branching angle, per sd (10.67)↑ 1256 78 (6.21) 1.18 (0.96, 1.45) 0.118 1.14 (0.91, 1.37) 0.306
Venular branching angle, per sd (9.92)↑ 1256 78 (6.21) 1.09 (0.87, 1.36) 0.462 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) 0.485
Any retinopathy, yes 122 26 (21.3) 4.12 (2.56, 6.62) <0.001 2.54 (1.48, 4.36) 0.001

CI: confidence interval; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; HR, hazard ratio; *adjusted for age, gender, baseline glucose levels, baseline SBP, hypertension, smoking status, hsCRP, education level, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, baseline eGFR, anti-hypertensive medication and retinal arteriolar caliber/retinal venular caliber (CRAE in models of CRVE and vice versa).