Table 3.
Coefficients (95% CI) for the relationship between natural space (total, parks and garden access) with SDQ domain scores and their change over time.
| Hyperactivity problems | Emotional problems | Peer Problems | Conduct problems | Total difficulties | Prosocial behaviour | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FIXED PART | ||||||
| Total natural space (per IQRa increase) | ||||||
| Total % | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.05) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.14)* |
| Total % x Age | 0.30 (−0.45, 1.05) | 0.23 (−0.34, 0.81) | −0.24 (−0.78, 0.30) | −0.04 (−0.56, 0.48) | 0.25 (−1.18, 1.69) | 0.00 (−0.68, 0.69) |
| Total % x Age2 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.17, 0.13) | 0.00 (−0.07, 0.07) |
| Park space (per IQRa increase) | ||||||
| Park % | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.10 (−0.24, 0.04) | 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) |
| Park % x Age | 0.42 (−0.21, 1.05) | 0.10 (−0.35, 0.55) | −0.18 (−0.63, 0.28) | −0.24 (−0.70, 0.22) | 0.11 (−1.12, 1.35) | 0.43 (−0.15, 1.00) |
| Park % x Age2 | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.11) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.02) |
| No garden access (ref: Yes) | ||||||
| No access | 0.52 (0.20, 0.84)** | 0.12 (−0.07, 0.31) | 0.23 (0.04, 0.41)* | 0.27 (0.09, 0.46)** | 1.15 (0.52, 1.78)*** | 0.10 (−0.13, 0.33) |
| No access x Age | −0.07 (−2.94, 2.80) | 0.59 (−1.47, 2.64) | 0.52 (−1.63, 2.68) | 0.19 (−1.68, 2.05) | 1.19 (−4.57, 6.96) | −2.05 (−4.49, 0.39) |
| No access x Age2 | 0.03 (−0.27, 0.32) | −0.06 (−0.27, 0.16) | −0.04 (−0.26, 0.18) | −0.02 (−0.21, 0.18) | −0.08 (−0.68, 0.51) | 0.20 (−0.06, 0.45) |
| Constant | 6.42 (5.90, 6.94)*** | 2.52 (2.19, 2.85)*** | 2.22 (1.87, 2.56)*** | 3.51 (3.19, 3.84)*** | 14.68 (13.60, 15.77)*** | 6.95 (6.56, 7.35)*** |
| Sex (ref: Male) | −0.71 (−0.85, −0.57)*** | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.07) | −0.16 (−0.24, −0.08)*** | −0.26 (−0.35, −0.18)*** | −1.14 (−1.42, −0.87)*** | 0.48 (0.38, 0.57)*** |
| Age (mean-centred) | 1.32 (0.70, 1.94)*** | 0.47 (0.01, 0.94)* | −0.30 (−0.74, 0.15) | −0.58 (−1.02, −0.15)** | 0.89 (−0.30, 2.08) | 1.17 (0.61, 1.72)*** |
| Age2 (mean-centred) | −0.14 (−0.20, −0.08)*** | −0.05 (−0.09, 0.00) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.09) | −0.12 (−0.24, 0.00) | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03)** |
| Screen time (hours) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.15)** | 0.06 (0.01, 0.10)* | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09)** | 0.05 (0.00, 0.10) | 0.24 (0.09, 0.40)** | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.04)** |
| Household education (ref: Degree) | ||||||
| Vocational qualification | 0.37 (0.19, 0.54)*** | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.14) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.07) | 0.11 (0.01, 0.21)* | 0.49 (0.15, 0.82)** | 0.11 (−0.01, 0.23) |
| Higher/Standard grade | 0.52 (0.24, 0.79)*** | 0.07 (−0.09, 0.23) | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.24) | 0.24 (0.10, 0.38)** | 0.91 (0.41, 1.42)** | −0.06 (−0.24, 0.12) |
| Other/no qualifications | 0.36 (0.02, 0.71)* | 0.16 (−0.09, 0.40) | 0.23 (0.00, 0.46)* | 0.36 (0.09, 0.63)* | 1.08 (0.40, 1.77)** | −0.05 (−0.34, 0.25) |
| Equivalised household income (£000 s) | −0.01 (−0.02, −0.01)*** | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00)*** | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00)*** | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.02)*** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) |
| Carer's mental health score | −0.04 (−0.05, −0.03)*** | −0.03 (−0.03, −0.02)*** | −0.02 (−0.02, −0.02)*** | −0.03 (−0.03, −0.03)*** | −0.12 (−0.14, −0.11)*** | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02)*** |
| SIMD 2009 quintile (ref: Quintile 1) | ||||||
| Quintile 2 | 0.08 (−0.16, 0.31) | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.17) | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.19) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.16) | 0.19 (−0.27, 0.64) | −0.05 (−0.21, 0.12) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.25 (0.02, 0.47)* | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.22) | 0.08 (−0.06, 0.21) | 0.13 (0.00, 0.27) | 0.54 (0.09, 0.99)* | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.13 (−0.10, 0.35) | 0.16 (0.02, 0.30)* | 0.21 (0.07, 0.34)** | 0.07 (−0.07, 0.20) | 0.58 (0.13, 1.03)* | 0.13 (−0.03, 0.29) |
| Quintile 5 (most deprived) | 0.35 (0.11, 0.59)** | 0.16 (0.01, 0.31)* | 0.26 (0.12, 0.40)*** | 0.24 (0.10, 0.38)** | 1.03 (0.56, 1.50)*** | 0.00 (−0.17, 0.17) |
| RANDOM PART | ||||||
| Level 1: Wave | 1.82 (1.74 to 1.89)*** | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07)*** | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.99)*** | 0.87 (0.83 to 0.90)*** | 6.66 (6.38 to 6.94)*** | 1.49 (1.43 to 1.55)*** |
| Level 2: Individual | 2.93 (2.74 to 3.13)*** | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03)*** | 0.84 (0.77 to 0.90)*** | 0.95 (0.89 to 1.02)*** | 11.53 (10.78 to 12.28)*** | 1.25 (1.15 to 1.34)*** |
| Level 3: PSU | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.01) | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) |
*
0.01≤p < 0.05.
**
0.001≤p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.
a
Interquartile ranges in percentage points were 16.2 for total and 6.8 for parks.