FIG 4.

Cytokine and chemokine levels in BAL fluid, lung tissue, and plasma during infection. Cytokines and chemokines were measured in BAL fluid (BALF), lung tissue homogenate, and plasma 48 h after bacterial inoculation in mice treated with levofloxacin alone or in combination with EM703. To determine the levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α, samples were obtained from 10 animals in each group, in two separate experiments (n = 4 and n = 6). In the case of KC, a separate ELISA was used to investigate samples from four mice in each group, in one experiment. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, with Dunn's post hoc test for multiple comparisons, was used. *, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.01; ***, P ≤ 0.001; ****, P ≤ 0.0001.