Effect of antivirals on HBV-infected mice. Four mice were treated with or without (no treatment) 2 mg/kg of entecavir (ETV) alone daily or 30 μg/kg of PEG-IFN alone or entecavir plus PEG-IFN twice weekly for 12 weeks. (A) Time course of serum HBV DNA titer in each mouse. (B) Serum HBsAg, HBeAg, and HBcrAg levels in each mouse at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. (C) Intrahepatic HBV DNA and HBV cccDNA levels in each mouse. An HBV-infected mouse without treatment (no treatment) was also analyzed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for three samples of liver tissue from each mouse. *, P < 0.05. (D) Intrahepatic precore mRNA and HBs mRNA. HBcrAg, hepatitis B core-related antigen. LLOD, lower limit of detection.