Table 3.

Mean (SE) percent differences between the supplement and placebo groups, split by sex^a.

	Model 1b					Model 2c
	Females		Males		Sex*supplement interaction p =	Females		Males		Sex*supplement interaction p =
	Mean difference (SE) %	p-Value	Mean difference (SE) %	p-Value		Mean difference (SE) %	p-Value	Mean difference (SE) %	p-Value
Height	− 1.0 (0.5)	0.04	0.5 (0.5)	0.3	0.03	–	–	–	–	–
HAZd	− 0.2 (0.1)	0.04	0.1 (0.1)	0.3	0.02	–	–	–	–	–
Weight	− 3.3 (1.5)	0.03	2.2 (1.6)	0.2	0.01	–	–	–	–	–
MUACe	− 1.8 (1.0)	0.04	2.0 (1.0)	0.05	0.007	− 0.2 (0.5)	0.7	1.0 (0.6)	0.09	0.1
TSTf	− 1.5 (3.0)	0.6	4.7 (3.1)	0.1	0.1	1.1 (2.5)	0.7	3.0 (2.6)	0.2	0.6
Whole body
BMC	-4.6 (2.2)	0.03	2.8 (2.2)	0.2	0.02	− 0.3 (0.6)	1.0	0.5 (0.6)	0.4	0.5
Bone area	− 3.3 (1.4)	0.02	1.6 (1.5)	0.3	0.02	− 0.3 (0.7)	0.6	− 0.9 (0.8)	0.9	0.8
Lean mass	− 2.4 (1.4)	0.08	1.1 (1.4)	0.4	0.07	0.4 (1.0)	0.7	0.1 (1.0)	0.9	0.7
Fat mass	− 4.8(4.9)	0.3	11.6 (5.5)	0.02	0.02	− 2.1 (4.8)	0.7	10.0 (4.9)	0.04	0.08
Lumbar spine
BMC	-4.4 (2.1)	0.03	3.9 (2.3)	0.09	0.007	− 1.5 (0.2)	0.4	2.0 (1.8)	0.3	0.2
Bone area	− 1.9 (1.2)	0.1	2.1 (1.3)	0.1	0.03	− 0.4 (1.0)	0.7	1.2 (1.1)	0.3	0.3
Total hip
BMC	-5.5 (2.3)	0.02	0.5 (2.5)	0.8	0.07	− 1.6 (1.6)	0.3	− 1.7 (1.7)	0.3	0.9
Bone area	− 3.1 (1.5)	0.04	− 0.0 (1.5)	0.9	0.1	− 0.9 (1.0)	0.4	− 1.1 (1.0)	0.3	0.9
Tibia
Total vBMD	− 2.8 (4.7)	0.6	2.7 (4.7)	0.6	0.4	− 0.4 (1.5)	0.8	0.4 (1.5)	0.8	0.7
Midshaft CSA	− 3.7 (1.7)	0.03	2.2 (1.8)	0.2	0.02	− 1.2 (1.4)	0.4	0.9 (1.4)	0.5	0.3
BMC	− 3.6 (1.9)	0.06	1.7 (1.9)	0.4	0.04	− 1.2 (1.6)	0.5	0.7 (1.7)	0.7	0.4
Cortical area	− 4.1 (1.7)	0.02	1.9 (1.8)	0.3	0.01	− 1.7 (1.5)	0.2	0.8 (1.5)	0.6	0.2

^aDifferences between children whose mothers took calcium versus those who had placebo were tested using linear models with the following covariates.

^bSex, supplement, current age, length at 52 weeks, sex*supplement interaction.

^cSex, supplement, current age, length at 52 weeks, sex*supplement interaction, current height and weight, and DXA BMC bone area. All continuous variables were in natural logarithms.

^dHAZ height-for-age Z score calculated from WHO reference [15].

^eMUAC Mid-upper arm circumference.

^fTST Triceps skinfold thickness.