Table 1. Example leadership skills of the performance scale by leadership component.

Leadership component	Leadership skill
Transactional leadership	The resident…
	• gave positive feedback for good efforts.
	• made clear what the nurse can expect when she performs well.
	• clarified who is responsible for defined tasks.
Transformational leadership	• treated the nurse respectfully.
	• encouraged the nurse to engage in overall goals of the clinical team.
	• formulated an appealing vision of what shall be achieved to improve patient care.