Table 3. Improvement of transactional and transformational leadership skills in the IMPACT group and changes in leadership knowledge, as compared to a control group.
| IMPACT Group | Control Group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale | mean change (95% CI) |
m | SD | mean change (95% CI) |
m | SD |
| Transactional leadershipa | ||||||
| Pre-test to post-testc | 0.20 (0.08, 0.33) | 0.07 (0.10, 0.23) | ||||
| Pre-test | 3.83 | 0.48 | 3.79 | 0.47 | ||
| Post-test | 4.03 | 0.45 | 3.86 | 0.53 | ||
| Transformational leadershipa | ||||||
| Pre-test to post-testc | 0.31 (.023, 0.40) | 0.83 (0.08, 0.25) | ||||
| Pre-test | 3.54 | 0.38 | 3.53 | 0.48 | ||
| Post-test | 3.86 | 0.31 | 3.61 | 0.40 | ||
| Knowledge testb | ||||||
| Pre-test to post-testd | 0.6 (-1.17, 1.29) | -1.09 (-2.96, 0.77) | ||||
| Pre-test | 26.48 | 2.67 | 22.95 | 4.32 | ||
| Post-test | 26.54 | 4.19 | 21.86 | 5.28 | ||
a Scale: 1 = not at all, 2 = once in a while, 3 = sometimes, 4 = fairly often, 5 = frequently.
b Scale: Multiple choice format, maximum achievable score = 34
c Significance level: p < .01
d Significance level: p>.30
m = Mean, SD = Standard Deviaton, CI = confidence interval.