Neuroprotection by pinocembrin in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI). (a, b) T2-weighted (T2w) images for all seven slices at 28 days post-TBI and the lesion volumes at indicated time points for the TBI + vehicle and TBI + pinocembrin groups (n = 5 per group). TBI rats treated with pinocembrin (5 and 10 mg/kg) had smaller lesion volumes at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after TBI than did rats in the TBI + vehicle group. (c–e) Behavioral testing results from the modified neurologic severity score (mNSS), beam walking, and rotarod tests. Compared with the vehicle-treated TBI group, the two pinocembrin-treated TBI groups had better neurologic function at 1 (for beam walking only), 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-TBI. #P < 0.05 versus the TBI + vehicle group.