Fig. 2.

Worm sleep deprivation triggers the UPR^ER. a Example of pre- (top) and post- (bottom) deprivation fluorescence of the hsp-4p::gfp reporter. Prior to deprivation the reporter was prominently observed in the seam cells. b Fluorescence of the hsp-4p::gfp reporter before and after deprivation, mock deprivation, and stimulation of mid-L4 larvae. c Quantification of hsp-4 expression using real-time PCR. Error bars depict 99% confidence intervals (1 biological replicate, 20 animals per sample). d Fluorescence of the hsp-4p::gfp reporter in mutants where the function of the UPR^ER genes ire-1 and xbp-1 was lost. On these mutant backgrounds sleep deprivation did not upregulate the expression of hsp-4. In all box plots, horizontal lines, boxes, and bars depict medians, 1^st and 3^rd quartiles, and 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively. Crosses denote outliers. Single and double asterisks denote significant differences with p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively