TABLE 4.
Adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for associations between flavonoid intake and risk of gastric cancer for NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study participants1
| Cardia |
Noncardia |
|||
| Quintile of intake, mg/d | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) |
| Total flavonoids | ||||
| 1 (0–84.1) | 116 | 1.00 (—) | 118 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (84.2–140.9) | 108 | 0.96 (0.73, 1.25) | 102 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) |
| 3 (141.0–225.6) | 100 | 0.90 (0.69, 1.18) | 118 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.36) |
| 4 (225.7–437.9) | 118 | 1.10 (0.84, 1.43) | 114 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.33) |
| 5 (438.0–4211.2) | 105 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.34) | 124 | 1.11 (0.86, 1.44) |
| P-trend2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | ||
| Anthocyanidins | ||||
| 1 (0–3.8) | 123 | 1.00 (—) | 138 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (3.9–7.0) | 118 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.35) | 119 | 0.91 (0.71, 1.17) |
| 3 (7.1–11.7) | 99 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 104 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.10) |
| 4 (11.8–20.6) | 96 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.31) | 100 | 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) |
| 5 (20.7–376.6) | 111 | 1.05 (0.80, 1.39) | 115 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) |
| P-trend | 0.8 | 0.9 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend | 0.9 | 0.9 | ||
| Flavan-3-ols | ||||
| 1 (0–25.6) | 116 | 1.00 (—) | 117 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (25.7–60.6) | 107 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 109 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.28) |
| 3 (60.7–129.2) | 107 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.27) | 114 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) |
| 4 (129.3–346.6) | 109 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 107 | 1.00 (0.77, 1.31) |
| 5 (346.7–3828.7) | 108 | 1.04 (0.80, 1.36) | 129 | 1.19 (0.92, 1.54) |
| P-trend | 0.6 | 0.1 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend | 0.8 | 0.4 | ||
| Flavanones | ||||
| 1 (0–8.8) | 143 | 1.00 (—) | 116 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (8.9–23.7) | 83 | 0.61 (0.46, 0.80) | 116 | 1.04 (0.80, 1.35) |
| 3 (23.8–43.7) | 88 | 0.66 (0.50, 0.86) | 106 | 0.94 (0.72, 1.22) |
| 4 (43.8–65.9) | 116 | 0.85 (0.66, 1.09) | 119 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.32) |
| 5 (66.0–978.9) | 117 | 0.87 (0.68, 1.13) | 119 | 0.99 (0.76, 1.30) |
| P-trend | 0.5 | 0.9 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend | 0.8 | 0.9 | ||
| Flavones | ||||
| 1 (0–0.44) | 102 | 1.00 (—) | 117 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (0.45–0.67) | 127 | 1.25 (0.96, 1.62) | 115 | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) |
| 3 (0.68–0.96) | 99 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) | 113 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) |
| 4 (0.97–1.45) | 131 | 1.38 (1.05, 1.81) | 118 | 1.08 (0.83, 1.41) |
| 5 (1.46–29.02) | 88 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 113 | 1.06 (0.80, 1.40) |
| P-trend | 0.7 | 0.7 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend | 0.9 | 0.8 | ||
| Flavonols | ||||
| 1 (0–10.4) | 101 | 1.00 (—) | 108 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (10.5–14.9) | 110 | 1.05 (0.80, 1.38) | 110 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) |
| 3 (15.0–20.9) | 112 | 1.07 (0.81, 1.42) | 121 | 1.18 (0.90, 1.54) |
| 4 (21.0–30.4) | 120 | 1.17 (0.88, 1.55) | 111 | 1.09 (0.82, 1.43) |
| 5 (30.5–188.3) | 104 | 1.08 (0.80, 1.45) | 126 | 1.25 (0.94, 1.65) |
| P-trend | 0.6 | 0.1 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend | 0.8 | 0.4 | ||
| Isoflavones | ||||
| 1 (0–0.16) | 104 | 1.00 (—) | 126 | 1.00 (—) |
| 2 (0.17–0.22) | 85 | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) | 100 | 0.75 (0.58, 0.98) |
| 3 (0.23–0.31) | 112 | 0.98 (0.75, 1.29) | 109 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.08) |
| 4 (0.32–0.45) | 118 | 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) | 127 | 0.87 (0.67, 1.14) |
| 5 (0.46–5.36) | 128 | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 114 | 0.73 (0.54, 0.98) |
| P-trend | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||
| BH-adjusted P-trend | 0.7 | 0.4 | ||
Ranges for quintiles of total flavonoid intake are given in parentheses. HRs are adjusted for age at baseline (<55, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, or ≥70 y), sex, race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or other), education (less than high school, completed high school or post–high school training other than college, some college or college graduate, or postgraduate), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker of ≤20 or >20 cigarettes/d, or current smoker of ≤20 or >20 cigarettes/d), BMI (in kg/m2: <25, 25 to <30, or ≥30), alcohol intake (0–0.19, 0.20–1.83, 1.84–11.5, or 11.6–450.94 g/d), self-reported health (excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor), vigorous physical activity of ≥20 min (never, rarely, 1–3 times/mo, or 1–2, 3–4, or ≥5 times/wk), and total energy intake (expressed as kcal/d). HRs compare the risk of developing cancer for participants in each quintile of flavonoid intake to participants in the lowest quintile of flavonoid intake, holding all other covariates constant. BH, Benjamini-Hochberg.
For all P-trend values, tests for linear trend were calculated by assigning the median of each quintile as scores.
For all BH-adjusted P-trend values, the linear trend tests were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the BH procedure for false discovery rate control at the 0.05 level for 56 comparisons (44).