TABLE 1.
Adjusted characteristics of 2809 participants of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort who were free of diabetes at exam 5 (baseline, 1991–1995), by category of mean total dairy intake1
| Categories of mean total dairy intake2 |
|||||
| Characteristics | 0 to <4 | 4 to <7 | 7 to <14 | ≥14 | P-trend |
| Servings/wk,2 median | 2.8 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 18.6 | |
| Participants, n | 355 | 583 | 1156 | 715 | |
| Age, y | 54.9 ± 0.5 | 54.2 ± 0.4 | 53.7 ± 0.3 | 53.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, % | 52 ± 3 | 53 ± 2 | 54 ± 1 | 56 ± 2 | 0.06 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.5 ± 0.3 | 26.9 ± 0.2 | 27.4 ± 0.1 | 27.1 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Current smoker, % | 23 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 | 19 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity index, MET-h/wk | 34.4 ± 0.3 | 34.8 ± 0.3 | 35.0 ± 0.2 | 34.9 ± 0.2 | 0.46 |
| Plasma TGs, mg/dL | 147.3 ± 5.4 | 136.3 ± 4.2 | 145.2 ± 3.0 | 132.9 ± 3.8 | 0.03 |
| Plasma cholesterol, mg/dL | 205.8 ± 1.9 | 206.7 ± 1.5 | 205.0 ± 1.0 | 201.8 ± 1.3 | 0.07 |
| Plasma HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 49.9 ± 0.7 | 51.4 ± 0.6 | 51.3 ± 0.4 | 50.4 ± 0.5 | 0.18 |
| BP, mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic | 125.9 ± 0.9 | 124.0 ± 0.7 | 124.8 ± 0.5 | 123.8 ± 0.6 | 0.17 |
| Diastolic | 74.5 ± 0.5 | 74.2 ± 0.4 | 74.5 ± 0.3 | 73.9 ± 0.4 | 0.62 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 94.7 ± 0.5 | 94.9 ± 0.4 | 95.0 ± 0.3 | 94.2 ± 0.3 | 0.24 |
| Milk-based dietary characteristics2 | |||||
| Total dairy | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.2 | 18.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| High-fat dairy | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Low-fat dairy | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 12.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Cheese | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Cream and butter | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Milk | |||||
| Total | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Skim | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 10.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Whole | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Yogurt | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Other dietary characteristics3 | |||||
| Whole grains | 15.5 ± 1.0 | 16.2 ± 0.8 | 19.8 ± 0.5 | 22.7 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Fruit | 297.0 ± 11.1 | 279.7 ± 8.5 | 296.2 ± 6.0 | 291.7 ± 7.9 | 0.41 |
| Vegetables | 212.3 ± 6.5 | 223.8 ± 5.0 | 222.5 ± 3.5 | 211.4 ± 4.6 | 0.11 |
| Fish | 32.8 ± 1.5 | 33.4 ± 1.1 | 33.7 ± 0.8 | 31.8 ± 1.0 | 0.51 |
| Meat | 132.1 ± 3.0 | 127.8 ± 2.3 | 124.2 ± 1.6 | 116.2 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Nuts | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 0.47 |
| Coffee | 537.4 ± 20.3 | 540.8 ± 16.9 | 537.4 ± 10.1 | 520.5 ± 16.9 | 0.86 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 203.4 ± 13.7 | 181.6 ± 10.1 | 136.4 ± 7.1 | 109.0 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Glycemic index | 55.8 ± 0.2 | 54.9 ± 0.1 | 54.3 ± 0.1 | 53.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| DGAI 2010 score4 | 58.9 ± 0.6 | 61.1 ± 0.5 | 62.7 ± 0.3 | 62.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Values are means ± SDs, unless otherwise indicated. Characteristics are adjusted for age and sex, except for age (which is only adjusted for sex) and sex (which is only adjusted for age). Dietary characteristics are additionally adjusted for energy intake. BP, blood pressure; DGAI, Dietary Guidelines for Americans Index; MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours.
Units are servings per week (unless otherwise indicated), with the following grams per serving: skim milk, 245 g; whole milk, 245 g; cream, 15 g; sour cream, 12 g; sherbet and ice milk, 96 g; ice cream, 66 g; yogurt, 227 g; cottage and ricotta cheese, 105 g; cream cheese, 28 g; other cheese, 28 g; butter, 5 g.
Units are grams per day except for coffee and sugar-sweetened beverages, which are both measured as milliliters per day, and the glycemic index and the DGAI 2010 score, which take no units.
The DGAI 2010 score presented does not include 2 dairy components of the total score (25).