Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by urine ACR
| Variable | Total (N=2707) |
ACR <10 mg/g (n=1386) |
ACR 10−29 mg/g (n=776) |
ACR 30−299 mg/g (n=466) |
ACR ≥300 mg/g (n=79) |
P for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 68.4 (8.6) | 67.1 (8.1) | 69.5 (8.6) | 69.9 (9.3) | 70.9 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 994 (36.7%) | 469 (33.8%) | 342 (44.1) | 153 (32.8%) | 30 (38%) | <0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | 0.8 | |||||
| White | 1600 (59.1%) | 803 (57.9%) | 475 (61.2%) | 281 (60.3%) | 41 (52%) | |
| Black | 824 (30.4%) | 451 (32.5%) | 205 (26.4%) | 138 (29.6%) | 30 (38%) | |
| Hispanic | 225 (8.3%) | 104 (7.5%) | 75 (9.7%) | 40 (8.6%) | 6 (8%) | |
| Other | 58 (2.1%) | 28 (2.0%) | 21 (2.7%) | 7 (1.5%) | 2 (3%) | |
| Education | 0.09 | |||||
| Below HS Graduate | 227 (8.4%) | 111 (8.0%) | 71 (9.2%) | 34 (7.3%) | 11 (14%) | |
| HS Graduate | 456 (16.9%) | 220 (15.9%) | 136 (17.5%) | 84 (18.0%) | 16 (20%) | |
| Beyond HS | 2024 (74.8%) | 1055 (76.2%) | 569 (73.3%) | 348 (74.7%) | 52 (66%) | |
| Medical History | ||||||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 543 (20.1%) | 247 (17.8%) | 163 (21.0%) | 109 (23.4%) | 24 (30%) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes History | 38 (1.4%) | 16 (1.2%) | 13 (1.7%) | 5 (1.1%) | 4 (5%) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension | 2538 (93.8%) | 1284 (92.6%) | 727 (93.7%) | 448 (96.1%) | 79 (100%) | 0.005 |
| Smoking | 0.3 | |||||
| Never | 1181 (43.7%) | 618 (44.7%) | 347 (44.8%) | 185 (39.7%) | 31 (39%) | |
| Former | 1184 (43.8%) | 604 (43.6%) | 324 (41.8%) | 218 (46.8%) | 38 (48%) | |
| Current | 339 (12.5%) | 162 (11.7%) | 104 (13.4%) | 63 (13.5%) | 10 (13%) | |
| Hypertension Medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor | 1004 (37.1%) | 495 (35.7%) | 298 (38.4%) | 174 (37.3%) | 37 (47%) | 0.2 |
| ARB | 584 (21.6%) | 315 (22.7%) | 148 (19.1%) | 104 (22.3%) | 17 (22%) | 0.3 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 966 (35.7%) | 422 (30.5%) | 292 (37.6%) | 214 (45.9%) | 38 (48%) | <0.001 |
| B-blocker | 845 (31.2%) | 379 (27.3%) | 257 (33.1%) | 171 (36.7%) | 38 (48%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 1208 (44.6%) | 635 (45.8%) | 346 (44.6%) | 187 (40.1%) | 40 (51%) | 0.1 |
| Clinical Results | ||||||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 138.8 (16.0) | 136.24 (14.7) | 140.7 (16.3) | 142.1 (17.0) | 145.9 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 77.3 (11.8) | 77.27 (10.9) | 76.9 (12.1) | 78.1 (13.1) | 78.7 (14.5) | 0.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 (5.7) | 29.89 (5.4) | 29.6 (5.8) | 30.2 (6.1) | 29.4 (5.8) | 0.3 |
| Laboratory Results | ||||||
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 9.7 (5.7, 22.5) | 5.8 (4.4, 7.6) | 15.1 (12.2, 20.0) | 59.5 (40.0, 105.0) | 475.0 (382.4, 961.9) | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 70.8 (20.9) | 73.4 (18.3) | 72.0 (21.5) | 63.7 (24.0) | 53.8 (20.7) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol | ||||||
| Total (mg/dL) | 189.9 (41.1) | 191.6 (39.9) | 191.3 (42.6) | 183.2 (41.5) | 186.1 (42.9) | 0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 53.4 (14.5) | 53.1 (13.7) | 54.7 (15.4) | 51.5 (15.0) | 55.1 (15.8) | 0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 112.3 (35.4) | 115.0 (34.3) | 111.6 (36.6) | 106.6 (35.7) | 104.9 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 122.4 (71.1) | 118.2 (62.4) | 125.8 (80.8) | 128.0 (76.4) | 128.8 (76.3) | 0.02 |
Note: Values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables, as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. Conversion factors for units: cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.02586; triglycerides in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.01129; ACR in mg/g to mg/mmol, ×0.113).
HS, high school; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.