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. 2017 Aug 25;7:9513. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09876-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro cytotoxicity of CeO₂/DOX in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. (a,b) Cell viability relative to the control (100%). Cells were treated with different concentrations of CeO₂, free DOX, or CeO₂/DOX for 3 h. The cells were then washed and further cultured in fresh media for 72 h in the absence of any DOX and nanoparticles. All values are expressed as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus the free DOX-treated group. (c) Apoptosis (dot plot distribution and % apoptosis calculations) measured by Annexin V/PI assay after exposure to 0.25 μg/mL equivalent doxorubicin for 3 h followed by washing and cultured for further 72 h in DOX free media. (d) Western blot analysis of apoptotic proteins. Cells were treated with a 0.25 μg/mL equivalent DOX concentration (either free DOX or CeO₂/DOX) or with 5 μM CeO₂ for 3 h, washed, and further cultured for 72 h. Densitometric analysis was carried out using Image J software.