Table 3.
Multivariable Models of Restricted Mean Survival Time through 60 months from Time of Recurrence after Completing Definitive Therapy for Stage I–III Breast, Colorectal, and Lung Cancers*
| Breast Cancer L1 error = 17 months |
Colorectal Cancer L1 error = 15 months |
Lung Cancer L1 error = 13 months |
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| Coefficient | 95% CI | P Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | P Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | P Value | |
| Intercept | 66.7 | 76.8 | 42.0 | ||||||
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| Age at recurrence (year) | −0.2 | −0.4, −0.0 | 0.04 | −0.3 | −0.5, −0.2 | <0.001 | −0.2 | −0.5, −0.0 | 0.03 |
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| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | NA | NA | NA | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| Female | NA | NA | NA | −0.4 | −3.9, 3.1 | 0.82 | 0.4 | −3.5, 4.3 | 0.84 |
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| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Non-White or Hispanic | 2.6 | −5.7, 10.9 | 0.54 | −1.5 | −5.4, 2.5 | 0.46 | −2.5 | −7.3, 2.4 | 0.32 |
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| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/living with partner | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Not married | −3.9 | −9.2, 1.4 | 0.15 | −3.1 | −6.9, 0.6 | 0.10 | 2.1 | −2.2, 6.5 | 0.34 |
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| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Former | −1.6 | −6.4, 3.3 | 0.53 | −1.5 | −5.1, 2.2 | 0.43 | −7.1 | −13.8, −0.4 | 0.04 |
| Current | −1.0 | −7.3, 5.3 | 0.76 | −0.5 | −6.1, 5.1 | 0.86 | −9.8 | −17.4, −2.2 | 0.01 |
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| Annual income (US$) | |||||||||
| <$40,000 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| $40,000 to <$60,000 | −3.2 | −10.8, 4.5 | 0.42 | 0.5 | −4.6, 5.6 | 0.85 | 0.9 | −4.7, 6.5 | 0.75 |
| ≥ $60,000 | −4.4 | −11.7, 3.0 | 0.25 | 0.4 | −4.2, 5.1 | 0.85 | 4.5 | −0.9, 9.9 | 0.11 |
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| Data source | |||||||||
| CRN | NA | NA | NA | ref | ref | ||||
| CanCORS | NA | NA | NA | 1.9 | −2.9, 6.8 | 0.43 | 2.2 | −3.7, 8.2 | 0.46 |
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| Modified Charlson comorbidity index | |||||||||
| 0 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 1 | −1.0 | −6.9, 4.8 | 0.73 | −2.3 | −6.2, 1.5 | 0.24 | −3.9 | −8.4, 0.7 | 0.09 |
| 2+ | −10.0 | −17.9, −2.2 | 0.01 | −5.1 | −9.7, −0.5 | 0.03 | −6.8 | −11.6, −2.1 | 0.005 |
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| Year of recurrence | |||||||||
| 2000–2003 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 2004–2006 | 3.7 | −3.6, 10.9 | 0.32 | 1.8 | −4.2, 7.9 | 0.55 | 6.8 | −1.2, 14.9 | 0.10 |
| 2007–2009 | 4.8 | −2.8, 12.3 | 0.22 | 7.1 | 0.6, 13.6 | 0.03 | 4.5 | −4.0, 12.9 | 0.30 |
| 2010–2012 | 3.5 | −4.0, 11.0 | 0.36 | 4.9 | −2.0, 11.8 | 0.17 | 2.6 | −6.7, 11.8 | 0.58 |
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| Stage of primary diagnosis | |||||||||
| I | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| II | −5.7 | −10.9, −0.4 | 0.04 | 0.0 | −5.9, 5.8 | 0.99 | −2.3 | −7.0, 2.5 | 0.36 |
| III | −10.3 | −16.4, −4.1 | 0.001 | −6.8 | −12.7, −0.9 | 0.02 | −7.5 | −13.2, −1.8 | 0.01 |
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| Primary cancer HR status | |||||||||
| HR negative | ref | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| HR positive | 3.8 | −3.5, 11.0 | 0.31 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
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| Primary cancer grade | |||||||||
| Low/Intermediate | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| High/Undifferentiated | −0.8 | −6.0, 4.3 | 0.75 | −5.7 | −9.7, −1.8 | 0.004 | −2.4 | −6.4, 1.6 | 0.24 |
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| Chemotherapy for the primary cancer | |||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | −4.0 | −9.5, 1.4 | 0.14 | −2.0 | −6.3, 2.2 | 0.35 | −0.9 | −5.4, 3.7 | 0.71 |
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| Radiation therapy for the primary cancer | |||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | −2.7 | −7.4, 2.0 | 0.26 | 0.6 | −3.4, 4.6 | 0.77 | 2.3 | −2.8, 7.4 | 0.38 |
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| Time from primary to recurrence (years) | |||||||||
| 0 to 1 | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| >1 to 2 | 5.7 | −1.7, 13.2 | 0.13 | 0.2 | −3.7, 4.2 | 0.90 | −0.1 | −4.6, 4.3 | 0.96 |
| >2–4 | 2.8 | −5.0, 10.6 | 0.48 | 2.0 | −2.6, 6.6 | 0.40 | 3.5 | −2.3, 9.2 | 0.24 |
| >4 | 8.8 | −0.2, 17.8 | 0.06 | −4.0 | −11.2, 3.2 | 0.27 | 2.2 | −6.1, 10.4 | 0.61 |
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| Type of recurrence | |||||||||
| Local | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Distant or regional | −19.1 | −24.4, −13.9 | <0.001 | −23.0 | −29.2, −16.8 | <0.001 | −2.6 | −10.0, 4.9 | 0.50 |
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| Chemotherapy for the recurrence | |||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | −3.9 | −8.5, 0.8 | 0.10 | 2.0 | −1.7, 5.7 | 0.29 | 0.4 | −4.2, 4.9 | 0.88 |
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| Radiation therapy for the recurrence | |||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | −1.1 | −5.6, 3.4 | 0.64 | −9.5 | −15.9, −3.1 | 0.004 | 2.1 | −2.4, 6.5 | 0.36 |
Abbreviation: NA = not applicable. REF = reference group.
The coefficient value represents the number of additional months of survival gained or lost if the corresponding characteristics were present, relative to the reference group for that covariate. For example, a breast cancer patient with a distant or reginal recurrence has a 19.1 month shorter mean survival compared to a breast cancer patient with a local recurrence. Considering the intercept value of 66.7 months, the mean survival for a patient with a distant/regional recurrence would be 47.6 months, assuming all of the other covariates were in reference categories. The L1 error is the median absolute error.