Table 5.

Sample of recent studies demonstrating impact of lifestyle intervention or PD intervention in patients with pre-diabetes/T2DM on oral and/or glycemic indices.

Study Description	Population	Outcomes	Reference
Education/counseling applying motivational approaches to achieve lifestyle intervention coupled with instruction on oral hygiene; follow up at 3 & 6 months was conducted. Patients receiving standard care served as controls.	Elderly diabetic patients (Thailand)	Statistically significant reduction in A1C and FPG levels and improved oral indices in interventional group compared to standard care	Saengtipbovorn79
Lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare setting with 2.3 year follow-up	Prediabetic patients aged 30–60 years vs usual care in patients with A1C <5.7 (Japan)	Incidence of T2DM in patients receiving intervention was lower in interventional group than in the usual care group	Sakane80
Examined randomized controlled trials testing efficacy of lifestyle interventions in patients presenting with impaired glucose tolerance	Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	7 trials including >5600 patients demonstrated reduced T2DM in patient with IGT	Yoon81
Examined glycemic and metabolic outcomes in randomized controlled trials examining impact of periodontal treatment in diabetic patients	Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials	5 trials including 315 patients showed statistically significant reduction in glycemic indices but not lipid variables	Sgolastra82

PD, Periodontal disease; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; A1C, Hemoglobin A1C; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; IGT, Impaired glucose tolerance