TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of 4146 patients with cardiac disease from the Alpha Omega Cohort, overall and by quintiles of energy-adjusted total UFA intake1
| Quintiles of total UFA intake |
|||||
| Total population (n = 4146) | 1 (n = 829) | 3 (n = 830) | 5 (n = 829) | P-trend2 | |
| Median intake (range), en% | 12.9 (10.2–14.3) | 17.2 (16.2–18.2) | 23.4 (20.7–27.9) | ||
| Age, y | 69.0 ± 5.63 | 69.7 ± 5.6 | 68.9 ± 5.4 | 68.8 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 3274 (79) | 569 (69) | 674 (81) | 708 (85) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 3.8 | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 27.7 ± 3.8 | 0.16 |
| Time since MI, y | 3.7 (1.7–6.3)4 | 3.8 (1.7–6.3) | 3.6 (1.7–6.4) | 3.3 (1.5–6.3) | 0.77 |
| Prevalent diabetes, n (%) | 841 (20) | 164 (20) | 174 (21) | 172 (21) | 0.94 |
| Use of antithrombotic drugs,5 n (%) | 4054 (98) | 807 (97) | 810 (98) | 814 (98) | 0.76 |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs,6 n (%) | 3726 (90) | 744 (90) | 749 (90) | 755 (91) | 0.64 |
| Use of statins,7 n (%) | 3566 (86) | 723 (87) | 721 (87) | 708 (85) | 0.25 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||||
| Systolic | 141.6 ± 21.7 | 142.0 ± 21.8 | 142.0 ± 21.5 | 141.5 ± 21.3 | 0.38 |
| Diastolic | 80.3 ± 11.1 | 79.8 ± 11.5 | 80.3 ± 11.1 | 80.9 ± 10.9 | 0.14 |
| Serum lipids,8 mmol/L | |||||
| Total cholesterol | 4.74 ± 0.96 | 4.77 ± 0.92 | 4.66 ± 1.00 | 4.71 ± 0.95 | 0.70 |
| LDL cholesterol | 2.61 ± 0.83 | 2.58 ± 0.80 | 2.55 ± 0.83 | 2.56 ± 0.83 | 0.86 |
| HDL cholesterol | 1.28 ± 0.34 | 1.32 ± 0.37 | 1.25 ± 0.31 | 1.30 ± 0.36 | 0.29 |
| Triglycerides | 1.65 (1.21–2.31) | 1.67 (1.21–2.37) | 1.63 (1.18–2.31) | 1.70 (1.20–2.31) | 0.57 |
| Education,9 n (%) | 0.06 | ||||
| Low | 2306 (56) | 471 (57) | 434 (53) | 481 (58) | |
| Intermediate | 1303 (32) | 263 (32) | 266 (32) | 256 (31) | |
| High | 516 (13) | 87 (11) | 125 (15) | 87 (11) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 676 (16) | 191 (23) | 124 (15) | 98 (12) | |
| Former | 2786 (67) | 535 (65) | 581 (70) | 556 (67) | |
| Current | 683 (16) | 102 (12) | 125 (15) | 175 (21) | |
| Alcohol use, g/d, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 823 (20) | 196 (24) | 152 (18) | 161 (19) | |
| >0–10 | 1629 (39) | 351 (42) | 334 (40) | 289 (35) | |
| >10–20 | 732 (18) | 134 (16) | 148 (18) | 145 (17) | |
| >20 | 962 (23) | 148 (18) | 195 (23) | 234 (28) | |
| Physical activity,9 n (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Low | 1684 (41) | 342 (42) | 346 (42) | 340 (41) | |
| Intermediate | 1558 (38) | 278 (34) | 306 (37) | 330 (40) | |
| High | 882 (21) | 201 (24) | 175 (21) | 156 (19) | |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Energy, kcal/d | 1815 ± 494 | 1691 ± 477 | 1832 ± 503 | 1883 ± 492 | <0.001 |
| Protein, en% | 15.8 ± 2.9 | 16.2 ± 3.2 | 15.8 ± 2.7 | 15.2 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Total fat, en% | 33.2 ± 6.0 | 26.1 ± 3.4 | 33.5 ± 3.3 | 40.1 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| SFAs, en% | 13.0 ± 3.1 | 11.2 ± 2.7 | 13.5 ± 2.9 | 14.1 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| PUFAs, en% | 7.6 ± 2.3 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | 10.5 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| cis MUFAs, en% | 9.9 ± 2.3 | 7.5 ± 1.1 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| TFAs, en% | 0.75 ± 0.19 | 0.67 ± 0.18 | 0.78 ± 0.20 | 0.79 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
| TFAs, g/d | 1.54 ± 0.63 | 1.27 ± 0.55 | 1.61 ± 0.64 | 1.68 ± 0.64 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | 182 ± 68 | 156 ± 56 | 192 ± 71 | 192 ± 73 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates, en% | 48.9 ± 6.4 | 55.9 ± 4.8 | 48.6 ± 4.0 | 42.3 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Mono- and disaccharides, en% | 24.9 ± 6.9 | 30.9 ± 7.0 | 24.4 ± 5.6 | 20.0 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Polysaccharides, en% | 23.9 ± 4.7 | 24.9 ± 5.5 | 24.1 ± 4.4 | 22.3 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Fiber, g/d | 21.4 ± 6.7 | 22.3 ± 7.2 | 21.4 ± 7.1 | 20.2 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical; en%, percentage of total energy intake; MI, myocardial infarction; TFA, trans fatty acid; UFA, unsaturated fatty acid.
P values for differences between quintiles were obtained from ANOVA (normally distributed continuous variables), Kruskal-Wallis test (skewed variables), or chi-square test (categorical variables).
Mean ± SD (all such values).
Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).
ATC classification system code: B01.
ATC classification system codes: C02, C03, C07, C08, and C09.
ATC classification system codes: C10AA and C10B.
To convert to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.02586 for cholesterol fractions and by 0.01129 for triglycerides.
Classification described in text (Methods).