Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of correlates of anaemia in patients with heart failure (HF)
| Univariate | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure status | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Sex (female) | 0.75 | (0.51 to 1.11) | 0.151 | 0.67 | (0.40 to 1.27) | 0.131 | |
| Age (years) | 1.00 | (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.663 | 0.99 | (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.289 | |
| Residence outside Dar es Salaam | 1.55 | (1.03 to 2.34) | 0.036† | 1.72 | (1.02 to 2.89) | 0.043 | |
| Formal education | 0.95 | (0.58 to 1.55) | 0.841 | ||||
| Unemployed | 0.97 | (0.66 to 1.45) | 0.907 | ||||
| Recruitment site (inpatient) | 3.02 | (1.86 to 4.91) | <0.001† | 1.75 | (1.02 to 3.47) | 0.081 | |
| HF duration | |||||||
| <6 months | 1 | 0.332 | |||||
| ≥6 months | 0.81 | (0.53 to 1.24) | |||||
| NYHA class | 0.011† | ||||||
| II | 1 | 1 | |||||
| III | 1.47 | (0.87 to 2.47) | 0.97 | (0.49 to 1.90) | 0.936 | ||
| IV | 2.35 | (1.33 to 4.16) | 0.66 | (0.30 to 1.46) | 0.03 | ||
| HF cause | 0.520 | ||||||
| Cardiomyopathies | 1.30 | (0.80 to 2.06) | 0.96 | (0.49 to 1.90) | 0.913 | ||
| Ischaemic HF | 0.97 | (0.49 to 2.10) | 0.60 | (0.23 to 1.52) | 0.278 | ||
| Hypertensive HF | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 1.55 | (0.92 to 3.10) | 1.36 | (0.54 to 3.40) | 0.516 | ||
| Previous cardiovascular admission | 1.31 | (0.88 to 1.95) | 0.183 | ||||
| Loss of appetite | 1.58 | (0.96 to 2.61) | 0.074† | 1.56 | (0.80 to 3.05) | 0.93 | |
| Haematemesis | 0.95 | (0.25 to 3.58) | 0.936 | ||||
| Peptic ulcer disease | 3.07 | (0.34 to 27.72) | 0.318 | ||||
| Haematuria | 1.01 | (0.22 to 4.58) | 0.988 | ||||
| Ever smoked | 1.73 | (0.93 to 3.18) | 0.083† | 1.04 | (0.561.89) | 0.904 | |
| Ever took alcohol | 1.04 | (0.68 to 1.58) | 0.862 | ||||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Diabetes | 1.44 | (0.77 to 2.71) | 0.251 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 8.47 | (3.76 to 19.07) | <0.001† | 4.12 | (1.60 to 10.61) | 0.003 | |
| Stroke | 0.49 | (0.17 to 1.41) | 0.187 | ||||
| Tuberculosis | 3.51 | (0.75 to 16.47) | 0.111 | ||||
| Asthma/COPD | 0.88 | (0.29 to 2.67) | 0.824 | ||||
| HIV | 1.53 | (0.38 to 6.21) | 0.551 | ||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 4.56 | (2.30 to 9.04) | <0.001† | 1.96 | (0.87 to 4.44) | 0.107 | |
| Pharmacological treatments | |||||||
| ACEI/ARB | 0.70 | (0.34 to 1.45) | 0.336 | ||||
| β blockers | 0.92 | (0.62 to 1.38) | 0.690 | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 0.97 | (0.58 to 1.61) | 0.897 | ||||
| Aspirin | 1.11 | (0.71 to 1.76) | 0.643 | ||||
| Warfarin | 0.28 | (0.07 to 1.05) | 0.059† | 0.47 | (0.07 to 3.08) | 0.430 | |
| HAART | 1.27 | (0.30 to 5.39) | 0.745 | ||||
| Clinical–physical examination | |||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.021† | ||||||
| <18.5 | 0.33 | (0.09 to 1.17) | 0.91 | (0.21 to 3.96) | 0.898 | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| ≥25 | 0.22 | (1.34 to 16.23) | 0.86 | (0.19 to 3.77) | 0.844 | ||
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 0.98 | (0.97 to 0.99) | 0.004† | 0.93 | (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.093 | |
| Laboratory/echocardiography | |||||||
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 0.99 | (0.98 to 0.99) | 0.026† | 0.98 | (0.97 to 0.99) | 0.012 | |
| Serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.77 | (0.64 to 0.91) | 0.003† | 0.78 | (0.63 to 0.98) | 0.029 | |
| Serum Na+ (mmol/L) | 0.152 | ||||||
| <135 | 0.66 | (0.35 to 1.25) | |||||
| 135–145 | 1 | ||||||
| >145 | 1.04 | (0.49 to 2.20) | |||||
| Serum K+ (mmol/L) | 0.192 | ||||||
| <3.5 | 1.35 | (0.74 to 2.46) | |||||
| 3.5–5 | 1 | ||||||
| >5 | 2.50 | (0.93 to 6.73) | |||||
| LVEF <45% | 3.40 | (2.15 to 5.37) | <0.001† | 2.70 | (1.57 to 4.67) | <0.001 | |
†
All variables with p value <0.10+ Age+ Sex+ HF causes were included in the multivariate analysis.
ACEI, ACE inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive lung disease; HAART, highly reactive antiretroviral therapy; NYHA, New York Heart Association.