Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | Total | QTc interval | t/x2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤440 ms | >440 ms | ||||
| n | 2904 | 2406 | 498 | – | – |
| Age (year) | 56.1±13.5 | 55.3±13.5 | 55.4±12.7 | –6.638 | 0.000 |
| Female, n (%) | 1380(47.5) | 1030(42.8) | 350(70.3) | 124.9 | 0.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9±3.7 | 25.0±3.7 | 24.6±3.9 | 2.249 | 0.025 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 135±17 | 134±17 | 137±18 | –3.393 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80±10 | 80±10 | 80±11 | –0.142 | 0.887 |
| Diabetic duration (year) | 4.0(1.5–9.0) | 4.0(1.5–8.0) | 4.0(1.5–8.0) | – | 0.335 |
| Hypoglycaemic treatments | |||||
| Lifestyle intervention alone, n(%) | 312(10.7) | 266(11.1) | 46(9.2) | 1.423 | 0.233 |
| Insulin, n(%) | 861(29.6) | 668(27.8) | 193(38.8) | 23.90 | 0.000 |
| Insulin-secretagogues, n(%) | 1160(39.9) | 980(40.7) | 180(36.1) | 3.619 | 0.057 |
| Insulin-sensitizers, n(%) | 1860(64.0) | 1548(64.3) | 312(62.7) | 0.511 | 0.475 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 1077(37.1) | 840(34.9) | 237(47.6) | 28.42 | 0.000 |
| Statins medication, n(%) | 1071(36.9) | 872(36.2) | 199(40.0) | 2.499 | 0.118 |
| Smoking, n(%) | 883(30.4) | 720(29.9) | 163(32.7) | 1.535 | 0.215 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.61(1.02–2.58) | 1.60(1.01–2.57) | 1.63(1.07–2.61) | – | 0.465 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.72±1.25 | 4.69±1.30 | 4.78±1.29 | –0.617 | 0.517 |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.07±0.28 | 1.07±0.28 | 1.08±0.29 | –0.842 | 0.400 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.51±0.82 | 2.49±0.81 | 2.54±0.89 | –0.933 | 0.351 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 285±101 | 286±98 | 282±113 | 0.618 | 0.536 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.58(1.55–4.14) | 2.52(1.52–4.03) | 2.91(1.69–4.51) | – | 0.000 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.23±1.25 | 8.15±1.23 | 8.60±1.28 | –7.247 | 0.000 |
| M-FPG (mmol/L) | 7.47±0.97 | 7.43±0.95 | 7.68±1.03 | –5.286 | 0.000 |
| SD-FPG (mmol/L) | 1.35±0.44 | 1.34±0.43 | 1.36±0.44 | –0.437 | 0.662 |
| M-PPG (mmol/L) | 13.47±1.79 | 13.41±1.78 | 13.89±1.84 | –5.431 | 0.000 |
| SD-PPG (mmol/L) | 2.11±0.68 | 2.05±0.65 | 2.40±0.76 | –10.556 | 0.000 |
| QTc interval (ms) | 420±31 | 402±24 | 458±20 | –48.633 | 0.000 |
QTc interval: heart rate-corrected QT interval; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PPG: 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; SD-FPG: standard deviation of FPG; SD-PPG: standard deviation of PPG; M-FPG: mean of FPG; M-PPG: mean of PPG.