Figure 8.

Analysis of chitin synthase A silencing through RNAi in Ph. operculella using qRT-PCR. The efficiency of three dsRNA molecules targeting different sites on PhoCHSA gene; 5′-dsRNA, Mid-dsRNA and 3′-dsRNA, is expressed as fold difference of gene expression relative to control. The expression of actin gene was used as an endogenous reference gene to normalize the data and to calculate the fold change using 2^−ΔΔct method. All values are mean ± SE, n = 3 (n; number of technical replicates). Different letters indicate significantly different values at P < 0.05.