Table 5.
Associations between PAH metabolites in urine and blood pressure in the exposed group (chimney sweeps, n = 151), explored by general-linear-model [95%CI = 95% confidence interval].
| Systolic BP a | Model 1f | Model 2g | Model 3h | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | β1 (CI 95%) | P | β1 (CI 95%) | P | β1 (CI 95%) | |
| 1-OH-PYRb | 0.702 | 0.37 (−1.55, 2.29) | 0.872 | 0.22 (−2.46, 2.90) | 0.512 | 0.72 (−1.45, 2.89) |
| 2-OH-PHc | 0.247 | 0.87 (−0.61, 2.36) | 0.223 | 1.02 (−0.63, 2.67) | 0.071 | 1.58 (−0.14, 3.29) |
| 3-OH-BaPd | 0.359 | 0.18 (−0.21, 0.57) | 0.521 | 0.20 (−0.41, 0.81) | 0.369 | 0.20 (−0.24, 0.63) |
| 3-OH-BaAe | 0.766 | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.29) | 0.406 | 0.13 (−0.18, 0.44) | 0.549 | 0.09 (−0.20, 0.38) |
| Diastolic BP a | ||||||
| 1-OH-PYR | 0.067 | 1.16 (−0.08, 2.40) | 0.219 | 1.08 (−0.65, 2.82) | 0.151 | 1.00 (−0.37, 2.37) |
| 2-OH-PH | 0.001 | 1.66 (0.72, 2.60) | <0.001 | 1.88 (0.86, 2.89) | 0.002 | 1.72 (0.66, 2.78) |
| 3-OH-BaP | 0.013 | 0.31 (0.07, 0.55) | 0.016 | 0.47 (0.09, 0.85) | 0.107 | 0.22 (−0.05, 0.49) |
| 3-OH-BaA | 0.044 | 0.16 (0.01, 0.32) | 0.015 | 0.24 (0.05, 0.44) | 0.089 | 0.16 (−0.03, 0.34) |
| Homocysteine | ||||||
| 1-OH-PYR | 0.668 | 0.27 (−0.98, 1.53) | 0.138 | 0.70 (−0.23, 1.64) | 0.897 | −0.09 (−1.49, 1.30) |
| 2-OH-PH | 0.389 | 0.38 (−0.49, 1.25) | 0.121 | 0.46 (−0.12, 1.04) | 0.520 | 0.32 (−0.66, 1.29) |
| 3-OH-BaP | 0.262 | 0.11 (−0.09, 0.32) | 0.363 | 0.10 (−0.12, 0.31) | 0.170 | 0.15 (−0.06, 0.36) |
| 3-OH-BaA | 0.264 | 0.09 (−0.07, 0.24) | 0.030 | 0.12 (0.01, 0.23) | 0.508 | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.23) |
| Cholesterol | ||||||
| 1-OH-PYR | 0.789 | 0.02 (−0.15, 0.20) | 0.880 | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.23) | 0.851 | 0.02 (−0.19, 0.22) |
| 2-OH-PH | 0.619 | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.15) | 0.637 | 0.03 (−0.10, 0.17) | 0.723 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.17) |
| 3-OH-BaP | 0.932 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.631 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.892 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.05) |
| 3-OH-BaA | 0.612 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.675 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.613 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) |
| HDL | ||||||
| 1-OH-PYR | 0.123 | −0.05 (−0.10, 0.01) | 0.501 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0.381 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) |
| 2-OH-PH | 0.073 | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) | 0.221 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) | 0.298 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) |
| 3-OH-BaP | 0.067 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | 0.296 | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.223 | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
| 3-OH-BaA | 0.042 | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.224 | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00) | 0.185 | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00) |
aBlood pressure. b1-hydroxypyrene (µg/L). c2-hydroxyphenanthrene (µg/L). d3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (ng/L). e3-hydroxybenzo[a]anthracene (ng/L). f(outcome variable) = intercept + β1 × PAH metabolite (continuous) + β2 × age (continuous) + β3 × BMI (continuous) + β4 × smoking status (4 categories) + e (residual error). g(outcome variable) = intercept + β1 × PAH metabolite (continuous) + β2 × age (continuous) + β3 × BMI (continuous) + e (residual error). Current and party smokers were excluded from the analysis. h(outcome variable) = intercept + β1 × PAH metabolite (continuous) + β2 × age (continuous) + β3 × BMI (continuous) + β4 × smoking status (4 categories) + β5 × use of snus (2 categories) + β6 × physical activity (4 categories) + β7 × passive smoking (2 categories) + β8 × current residence (4 categories) + β9 × education (2 categories) + β10 × family history of cardiovascular disease (2 categories) + β11 × exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from hobby (2 categories) + e (residual error).