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. 2017 Aug 25;7:9417. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09639-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SP is a mitogen for macrophages and affects M2 polarization in a dominant manner even in the presence of the Th1 cytokine INFγ. (a) BrdU incorporation analysis revealed that SP was less potent at inducing proliferation than GM-CSF and that SP and GM-CSF had a synergistic effect on proliferation on all types of macrophages at 3 d. Fold change of BrdU incorporation in MΦ^GM-CSF was shown in Supplementary Figure 2a. The number of BrdU⁺ cells was counted (5 random fields/coverslip) at 100 × magnification (0.85 mm²) (n = 3). (b–c) The percentage of CCR7^loCD163⁺ M2 macrophages was maintained in M2a^IL-4/13 and M2c^IL-10 subtypes in the presence of SP but completely diminished after 3 d of GM-CSF treatment. SP-induced M2 macrophages in M1^INFγ showed similar proportions of the M2a^IL-4/13 and M2c^IL-10 subtypes (Green = CCR7, Red = CD163, Blue = DAPI). The number of CCR7^loCD163⁺ M2 cells was counted (5 random fields/coverslip) at 100 × magnification (0.85 mm²) (n = 3). (d) IL-4/13-induced MGCs were still present in response to SP co-treatment at 3 d (Green = CCR7, Red = CD163, Blue = DAPI) (n = 6). (e) The activity of Arginase-1 was increased at 6 h in response to IL-4/13, IL-10 or IFNγ co-treatment with SP, as determined by Arginase-1 activity assay. SP-induced M2 polarization is dominantly working over Th1 cytokines, IFNγ (n = 6). (f) The iNOS activity assay revealed a decrease in IFNγ activity after SP co-treatment compared with that after IFNγ treatment at 1 d (n = 3). (g) SP did not activate STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, or STAT6, and SP co-treatment did not affect specific cytokine-mediated STAT expression such as STAT6 by IL-4/13, STAT3 by IL-10, STAT1 by IFNγ, and STAT5 by GM-CSF at 6 h. The western blot samples derived from the same experiment and full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure 23. (n = 2). Data represent the mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, unpaired t test). Scale bar = 500 μm (d), 100 μm (c, high-magnification image inset in d) and 10 μm (high-magnification image inset in c).