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. 2017 Apr 3;51(2):14–22. doi: 10.17096/jiufd.95754

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Copyright © 2017 Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry

This article is licensed under Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Users must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Users may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the journal endorses its use. The material cannot be used for commercial purposes. If the user remixes, transforms, or builds upon the material, he/she may not distribute the modified material. No warranties are given. The license may not give the user all of the permissions necessary for his/her intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how the material can be used.

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Figure 1. — Reference Planes and Landmarks used: TVL, true vertical line constructed 7.5 mm anterior of soft tissue glabella with the head in natural head position; Md OP, mandibular occlusal plane passing from the mesiobuccal cusp of the 41 and incisal tip of 31; L1, long axis of the mandibular central incisor; G’, soft tissue glabella; Md1, mandibular incisor tip; LLS, lower lip superior; Me, hard tissue menton; Me’, soft tissue menton; LLi lower lip inside; LLA, lower lip anterior; Pog, hard tissue pogonion; Pog’, soft tissue pogonion; B, deepest point between alveolar crest and mental process; B’, soft tissue B point; NTP, neck throat point; S, geometric center of sella turcica; A, deepest point between anterior nasal spine and alveolar crest; N, most anterior point of the frontonasal suture; Go, the point of intersection of the ramus plane and the mandibular plane; Gn, the most antero-inferior point on the symphysis of the chin