Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample
| Characteristic | Group; mean ± SD* | Statistical test | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Control (n = 26) | ARMS (n = 59) | FEP (n = 59) | |||
| Sex, male:female | 12:14 | 43:16 | 42:17 | χ2 = 6.5 | 0.038 |
| Age, yr [range] | 27.7 ± 4.5 [20–39] | 24.7 ± 5.7 [18–43] | 26.4 ± 6.7 [18–42] | F2 = 2.7 | 0.07 |
| Education, yr | 15.6 ± 3.1 | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 13.4 ± 3.1 | F2 = 4.8 | 0.009 |
| BPRS score (n) | 24.5 ± 1.1 (25) | 39.4 ± 8.6 (49) | 49.7 ± 14.5 (47) | χ2 = 46.3 | < 0.001 |
| SANS (n) | 0 ± 0 (17) | 11.0 ± 11.9 (19) | 18.0 ± 14.8 (21) | χ2 = 11.8 | < 0.001 |
| On antipsychotics, no. | 0 | 0 | 28† | — | |
| On antidepressants, no. | 0 | 23 | 12 | — | |
| Cannabis use, % | 15.4 | 28.1 | 23.9 | χ2 = 1.6 | 0.45 |
| Smoking, % | 26.9 | 51.7 | 59.3 | χ2 = 7.6 | 0.022 |
| Alcohol consumption, %, no:moderate:uncontrolled | 4:89:8 | 21:66:14 | 34:54:12 | χ2 = 11.1 | 0.025 |
ARMS = at-risk mental state; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; FEP = first-episode psychosis; SANS = Scale for Assessment of Negative Symtpoms; SD = standard deviation.
*
Unless indicated otherwise.
†
Antipsychotic medications were aripiprazole (n = 4), quetiapine (n = 11), paliperidone (n = 2), olanzapine (n = 7), risperidone (n = 3) and clozapine (n = 1). The mean chlorpromazine equivalent was 216 ± 267 mg.