Table 2.

Association of background characteristics with MetRisk z score among 238 ELEMENT mother child pairs.

	N	MetRisk z-score
		Mean ± SD	Pa
Maternal characteristics at the time of enrollment
Age at enrollment			0.62
15–24 years	87	0.02 ± 0.59
25–34 years	118	−0.07 ± 0.59
35–44 years	32	0.16 ± 0.75
Marital status			0.23
Married or cohabiting	212	−0.02 ± 0.62
Single	26	0.13 ± 0.59
Maternal education			0.90
<10 years	83	−0.01 ± 0.60
10 to 12 years	119	0.00 ± 0.62
≥13 years	34	0.00 ± 0.65
Parity			0.40
0	85	0.02 0.58
1–2	137	0.00 0.62
≥3	16	−0.15 0.77
Smoking during pregnancy			0.30
Yes	233	−0.27 ± 0.51
No	5	0.01 ± 0.62
Delivery method			0.29
C section	96	0.05 ± 0.63
Vaginal	141	−0.04 ± 0.61
Child characteristics at the peripubertal visit
Sex			0.39
Male	113	−0.04 ± 0.58
Female	125	0.03 ± 0.65
Child’s age			0.0002
<10 years	119	−0.14 ± 0.63
10 to 12 years	68	0.07 ± 0.56
>12 years	51	0.22 ± 0.59
Male puberty indicatorsb
Pubic hair			0.01
Tanner Stage 1	90	−0.05 ± 0.60
Tanner Stage 2	15	0.18 ± 0.62
Tanner Stage 3 5	5	0.58 ± 0.74
Testicle development			0.04
Tanner Stage 1	54	−0.15 ± 0.60
Tanner Stage 2	40	0.18 ± 0.64
Tanner Stage 3	10	−0.10 ± 0.47
Tanner Stage 4–5	5	0.36 ± 0.91
Female puberty indicatorsc
Pubic hair			0.004
Tanner Stage 1	94	−0.09 ± 0.63
Tanner Stage 2	21	0.11 ± 0.45
Tanner Stage 3	7	0.42 ± 0.25
Tanner Stage 4–5	3	0.48 ± 0.48
Breast development			0.002
Tanner Stage 1	83	−0.12 ± 0.63
Tanner Stage 2	20	0.13 ± 0.54
Tanner Stage 3	15	0.23 ± 0.43
Tanner Stage 4–5	7	0.39 ± 0.22

^aRepresents a test for linear trend where an ordinal indicator is entered into the model as continuous variable, with the exception of binary variables (Wald test).

^bTanner stages were combined due to small sample sizes for pubic hair Stages 3 5 (Stage 3: n=4; Stage 4: n=1, Stage 5: n=0); for testicle development Stages 4 5 (Stage 4: n=5; Stage 5: n=0).

^cTanner stages were combined due to small sample sizes for pubic hair (Stage 4: n=2, Stage 5: n=1) and testicle development (Stage 4: n=7; Stage 5: n=0).