Table 3.
Barriers and facilitators for ever having had a colonoscopy: Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
| cOR | 95% CI | aORa | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Barriers (n=120) | ||||
| 1. Without health insurance at any time in the past 12 months | ||||
| No (had insurance in the past year) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes (no insurance some time in past year) | 0.32* | (0.14, 0.70) | 0.39* | (0.17, 0.93) |
| 2. Ever told by doctor not to get screening | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 0.75 | (0.24, 2.40) | 1.04 | (0.28, 3.87) |
| 3. Belief that there is nothing to prevent CRC | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.60 | (0.19, 1.84) | 0.66 | (0.20, 2.19) |
| 4. Belief that CRC is fatal | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 1.04 | (0.50, 2.14) | 1.20 | (0.53, 2.73) |
| 5. Belief that screening is not needed if asymptomatic | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.48 | (0.19, 1.19) | 0.41** | (0.14, 1.16) |
| 6. Belief that screening is not covered by insurance | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 1.06 | (0.41, 2.75) | 0.91 | (0.32, 2.63) |
|
| ||||
| General Facilitators (n=120) | ||||
| 1. General CRC knowledge | 1.24* | (1.06, 1.45) | 1.24* | (1.04, 1.49) |
| 2. Family CRC history | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 0.93 | (0.25, 3.48) | 0.67 | (0.15, 3.02) |
| 3. Family/friends got CRC screening | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 1.36 | (0.66, 2.82) | 1.00 | (0.45, 2.24) |
| 4. Have a regular primary care doctor | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 5.17* | (2.05, 13.07) | 3.51* | (1.26, 9.79) |
| 5. Ever brought up CRC screening with a doctor | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 4.67* | (2.10, 10.37) | 3.51* | (1.45, 8.52) |
| 6. Ever told by friends/family to get screening | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 2.49* | (1.18, 5.23) | 2.06 | (0.87, 4.89) |
| 7. Doctor ever talked about CRC screening | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 6.43* | (2.87, 14.40) | 6.06* | (2.38, 15.44) |
| 8. Doctor recommended CRC screening | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 8.02* | (3.52, 18.28) | 6.61* | (2.63, 16.65) |
| 9. Patient looks for information about needed medical tests and screening | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 1.14 | (0.55, 2.35) | 1.48 | (0.64, 3.41) |
| 10. Belief that finding CRC early will save life | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 6.00* | (1.30, 27.74) | 4.69** | (0.95, 23.15) |
| 11. Belief that treatment of CRC may not be as bad if cancer found early | ||||
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 1.08 | (0.29, 4.04) | 1.55 | (0.36, 6.79) |
|
| ||||
| Colonoscopy-Specific Barriers (n=94) | ||||
| 1. Afraid of colonoscopy because may find that something is wrong | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.39 | (0.11, 1.40) | 0.36 | (0.09, 1.47) |
| 2. Belief that colonoscopy is embarrassing | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.26* | (0.09, 0.76) | 0.37** | (0.12, 1.19) |
| 3. No time for colonoscopy | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.14* | (0.03, 0.69) | 0.15* | (0.03, 0.82) |
| 4. Colonoscopy cost | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.66 | (0.24, 1.78) | 1.10 | (0.36, 3.35) |
| 5. No colonoscopy since asymptomatic | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.06* | (0.01, 0.50) | 0.02* | (0.002, 0.23) |
| 6. Would have trouble having a colonoscopy because of no health insurance | ||||
| Disagree Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 1.17 | (0.47, 2.93) | 1.85 | (0.63, 5.38) |
| 7. Doctor did not say I needed a colonoscopy | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.38* | (0.16, 0.91) | 0.26* | (0.09, 0.72) |
| 8. Anxious about colonoscopy | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.23* | (0.07, 0.78) | 0.35 | (0.10, 1.30) |
| 9. Colonoscopy is painful | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.33* | (0.13, 0.88) | 0.44 | (0.16, 1.26) |
| 10. Special diet and laxatives | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.68 | (0.29, 1.63) | 0.92 | (0.35, 2.40) |
| 11. Fear of bleeding or tearing of colon | ||||
| Disagree | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Agree | 0.45 | (0.17, 1.23) | 0.46 | (0.16, 1.35) |
|
| ||||
| Colonoscopy-Specific Facilitators (n=94) | ||||
| 1. Confidence that patient can schedule and complete a colonoscopy | ||||
| Not confident | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Confident | 2.82* | (1.20, 6.62) | 2.77* | (1.05, 7.32) |
a
Models were adjusted for age, years of U.S. residency, income, and marital status.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .1
Abbreviations: cOR=crude odds ratio; aOR=adjusted odds ratio