Table 1.
Red meat, processed meat and unprocessed meat intake, and development of cancer.
| Reference | Characteristics of the studies | Sample size | Risk of prostate cancer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kolonel (32) | Review from 14 case–control and 8 cohort studies | 5,121 cases and 6,956 controls from case–control studies; 1,007 cases among 276,148 men from cohort studies | Total prostate cancer: RR = 1.3 or greater for higher vs lower quintiles of red meat intake |
| Nowell et al. (33) | Population-based case–control study | 464 cases, 459 controls | Total prostate cancer: odds ratio (OR) = 1.68 (95% CI 1.20–2.36, p < 0.003) for well-done meat intake |
| Tavani et al. (34) | Review from case–control studies | 127 cases, 3,220 male controls | Total prostate cancer: OR = 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.7, p = 0.24) for red meat intake |
| Bosetti et al. (35) | Case–control study | 1,294 cases, 1,451 controls | Total prostate cancer: OR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.76–1.34, p = 0.79) for red meat intake |
| Cross et al. (36) | Prospective cohort study | 29,361 men |
Total prostate cancer: RR = 0.81 (95% CI 0.62–1.06, p = 0.38) for red meat intake RR = 1.69 (95% CI 1.19–2.40, p = 0.003) for very well-done meat intake |
| Sinha et al. (37) | Prospective cohort study | 10,313 prostate cancer cases from a cohort of 175,343 men |
Total prostate cancer: HR = 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04–1.21, p = 0.002) for red meat intake HR = 1.07 (95% CI: 1.00–1.14, p = 0.04) for processed meat intake Advanced prostate cancer: HR = 1.31 (95% CI: 1.05–1.65, p = 0.04) for red meat intake HR = 1.32 (95% CI: 1.08–1.61, p = 0.008) for processed meat intake HR = 1.24 (95% CI: 1.02–1.51, p = 0.03) for nitrite from meat intake HR = 1.31 (95% CI: 1.07–1.61, p = 0.03) for nitrate from meat intake Total and advanced prostate cancer: HR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02–1.17, p = 0.003) for barbecued meat intake HR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03–1.58, p = 0.02) for grilled meat intake |
| Wu et al. (38) | Pooled analysis of 15 cohorts from prospective studies of diet and cancer | 52,683 prostate cancer cases from 842,149 subjects of 15 cohorts | RR = 1.02 (95% CI: 0.98–1.06, p = 0.93) for unprocessed red meat intake RR = 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01–1.08, p = 0.29) for processed red meat intake |
| Gilsing et al. (39) | Prospective cohort study | 399 prostate cancer cases from a cohort of 120,852 subjects |
Advanced prostate cancer: HR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.03–2.97) for 1 day/week meat intake HR = 1.47 (95% CI: 0.35–3.30) for vegetarian HR = 1.77 (95% CI: 0.80–3.91) for fish intake |