Table 3.
Dairy products, calcium intake, and Vitamin D and development of prostate cancer.
| Reference | Characteristics of the studies | Sample size | Risk of prostate cancer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kurahashi et al. (46) | Population-based prospective study | 329 cases from a cohort of 43,435 men |
Total prostate cancer: RR = 1.63 (95% CI = 1.14–2.32, p = 0.01) for high intake of dairy products RR = 1.53 (95% CI = 1.07–2.19, p = 0.001) for high intake of milk RR = 1.52 (95% CI = 1.10–2.12, p < 0.001) for high intake of yogurt RR = 1.32 (95% CI = 0.93–1.89, p = 0.30) for high intake of cheese RR = 1.24 (95% CI = 0.85–1.81, p = 0.16) for high intake of calcium |
| Song et al. (47) | Prospective cohort study | Survival analysis among 2,806 incident prostate cancer cases, from a cohort of 21,660 men |
Total prostate cancer: HR = 1.12 (95% CI = 0.93–1.35, p = 0.06) for high intake of dairy products HR = 0.95 (95% CI = 0.81–1.10, p = 0.32) for high intake of whole milk HR = 1.14 (95% CI = 0.97–1.34, p = 0.07), for high intake of calcium from dairy products HR = 1.19 (95% CI = 1.06–1.33, p = 0.001) for high intake of skim/low-fat milk Low-grade prostate cancer: HR = 1.20 (95% CI = 1.06–1.37, p = 0.001) for high skim/low-fat milk intake Localized prostate cancer: HR = 1.19 (95% CI = 1.04–1.35, p = 0.004) for high skim/low-fat milk intake Fatal prostate cancer: HR = 2.17 (95% CI = 1.34–3.51, p < 0.001) for high whole milk intake |
| Park et al. (49) | Prospective cohort study | 17,189 cases in a total cohort of 293,907 men and 198,903 women |
Total prostate cancer: RR = 1.06 (95% CI = 1.01–1.12, p = 0.01) for high intake of dairy products RR = 1.03 (95% CI = 0.98–1.08, p = 0.21) for high intake of calcium |
| Huncharek et al. (50) | Meta-analysis from 45 observational studies | 26,769 cases from 21 cohort studies and from 24 case–control studies |
Total prostate cancer: RR = 1.06 (95% CI = 0.92–1.22, p = ns) for high intake of dairy products RR = 1.06 (95% CI = 0.91–1.23, p = ns) for high intake of milk RR = 1.04 (95% CI = 0.90–1.15, p = ns) for high intake of calcium RR = 1.16 (95% CI = 0.98–1.28, p = 0.37) for intake of Vitamin D |
| Aune et al. (52) | Meta-analysis from 32 prospective studies within the continuous update project | 63,308 prostate cancer cases among 2,338,285 subjects |
Total prostate cancer: summary RR = 1.07 (95% CI = 1.02–1.12) for 400 g/day intake of dairy products RR = 1.03 (95% CI = 1.00–1.07) for 200 g/day intake of milk Summary RR = 1.06 (95% CI = 1.01–1.11) for 200 g/day intake of low-fat milk Summary RR = 1.09 (95% CI = 1.02–1.18) for 50 g/day intake of cheese Summary RR = 1.05 (95% CI = 1.02–1.09) for 400 g/day intake of dietary calcium Summary RR = 1.06 (95% CI = 1.02–1.09) for 400 g/day intake of dairy calcium Summary RR = 0.97 (95% CI = 0.90–1.04) for 400 g/day intake of non-dairy calcium Summary RR = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.96–1.01) for 400 g/day intake of supplemental calcium |
| Rodriguez et al. (53) | Prospective cohort study | 3,811 cases from a cohort of 65,321 men |
Total prostate cancer: RR = 1.2 (95% CI = 1.0–1.6, p = 0.02) for ≥2,000 mg/day intake of calcium RR = 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1–2.0, p < 0.01) for ≥2,000 mg/day intake of calcium for men not having prostate-specific antigen testing before 1992 RR = 1.6 (95% CI = 1.1–2.3, p = 0.10) for ≥2,000 mg/day intake of dietary calcium RR = 1.1 (95% CI = 0.9–1.3, p = 0.38) for 4+ servings/day of dairy intake Advanced prostate cancer: RR = 1.6 (95% CI = 0.9–3.0, p = 0.08) for ≥2,000 mg/day intake of calcium RR = 2.2 (95% CI = 0.9–5.3, p = 0.27) for ≥2,000 mg/day intake of dietary calcium RR = 0.9 (95% CI = 0.5–1.4, p = 0.95) for 4+ servings/day of dairy intake |
| Xu et al. (54) | Meta-analysis from case–control studies and prospective cohort studies | 11,941 cases and 13,870 controls |
Total prostate cancer: odds ratio (OR) = 1.17 (95% CI = 1.05–1.30, p = 0.004) for overall studies OR = 1.17 (95% CI = 1.08–1.27, p < 0.001) for nested case–control studies OR = 1.22 (95% CI = 0.96–1.55, p = 0.097) for cohort studies OR = 1.15 (95% CI = 1.03–1.29, p = 0.017) for USA studies OR = 1.21 (95% CI = 1.04–1.40, p = 0.014) for Europe studies OR = 1.20 (95% CI = 1.01–1.42, p = 0.042) for serum-sample studies OR = 1.13 (95% CI = 1.00–1.27, p = 0.05) for plasma-sample studies |