Table 4.

Mediterranean diet (MD) components and development of prostate cancer.

Reference	Characteristics of the studies	Sample size	Risk of prostate cancer
Bosetti et al. (35)	Case–control study	1,294 cases and 1,451 controls	Odds ratio (OR) = 1.15 (95% CI = 0.90–1.46, p = 0.03) for highest vs lowest quintiles of milk or dairy products intake OR = 1.38 (95% CI = 1.03–1.83, p = 0.01) for highest vs lowest quintiles of bread intake OR = 0.77 (95% CI = 0.59–0.99, p = 0.02) for highest vs lowest quintiles of soups intake OR = 0.74 (95% CI = 0.57–0.95, p = 0.01) for highest vs lowest quintiles of cooked vegetables intake
Turati et al. (69)	Meta-analysis from case–control studies	1.294 prostate cancer cases from 10,796 cases of different cancers and 17,000 controls	OR = 0.87 (95% CI = 0.70–1.09) for highest intake of cruciferous vegetables OR = 0.29 (95% CI = 0.07–1.03) for highest intake of onions OR = 0.81 (95% CI = 0.64–1.00) for highest intake of garlic OR = 0.91 (95% CI = 0.77–1.07) for highest intake of apples OR = 0.87 (95% CI = 0.76–0.99) for highest intake of proanthocyanidins
Schwingshackl and Hoffmann (12)	Meta-analysis from 21 cohort studies and 12 case–control studies	29,867 prostate cancer cases from a total number of 1,431,461 subjects	RR: 0.96 (95% CI = 0.92–0.99, p = 0.03) for high adherence to the MD
Psaltopoulou et al. (72)	Systematic review and meta-analysis from 19 observational studies	13,800 patients and 23,340 controls from overall studies; 1,495 prostate cancer cases and 1,631 controls from three case–control studies	OR: 0.53 (95% CI = 0.30–0.94, p = 0.03) for high content of vitamin E in olive oil
Key et al. (75)	Meta-analysis from 15 case–control studies	11,239 prostate cancer cases and 18,541 controls	Total prostate cancer: OR = 1.13 (95% CI = 1.04–1.22, p = 0.015) for highest vs lowest quintiles of retinol intake OR = 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78–0.94, p < 0.001) for highest vs lowest quintiles of α-tocopherol intake Advanced prostate cancer: OR = 0.71 (95% CI = 0.57–0.88, p = 0.019) for 80% increase of α-tocopherol OR = 0.73 (95% CI = 0.54–0.99, p = 0.036) for 80% increase of lycopene Aggressive prostate cancer: OR = 0.70 (95% CI = 0.58–0.86, p = 0.014) for 80% increase of α-tocopherol OR = 0.72 (95% CI = 0.53–0.97, p = 0.025) for 80% increase of lycopene
Gann et al. (77)	Case–control study	578 prostate cancer cases and 1,294 controls	Aggressive prostate cancer: unadjusted OR = 0.56 (95% CI = 0.34–0.92, p = 0.02) for highest concentration of lycopene OR = 0.40 (95% CI = 0.19–0.84, p = 0.006) for highest vs lowest plasma levels of lycopene