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. 2017 Jul 13;8(3):255–272. doi: 10.1007/s13239-017-0317-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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(a) US b-mode image of the vein-side of an AVF with a stenosis (marked with an asterisk). Also visible are the leaflets of a venous valve fixed in position. (b) US b-mode image of the same area superimposed with the colour Doppler data, and with PSV recorded at 6.733 m/s at the location within the crosshairs (stenosis again marked with an asterisk).