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. 2017 Aug 1;2(8):1103–1122. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00382

Figure 12.

Figure 12

ZMW as single-molecule sensors. (a) Schematic of a far-field optical microscope with a zero-mode waveguide fabricated in an aluminum film. The right cartoon shows the local field around the nanohole (logarithmic scale). Figure adapted with permission from ref (138). Copyright 2013 The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) ZMWs used to detect single-molecule interactions between GroEL and GroES. The waiting-time distribution exhibits two populations with a different dissociation rate, indicating multiple dissociation pathways. Figure adapted with permission from ref (143). Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society. (c) ZMWs used for single-molecule DNA sequencing. Each nucleic acid is labeled with a distinct color fluorophore. The sequence of fluorescence bursts associated with incorporation of a nucleic acid by DNA polymerase reveals the sequence of the DNA template. Figure adapted with permission from ref (4). Copyright 2009 The American Association for the Advancement of Science.