Table 1.
Selected characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Primary substancea | Measureb | Recruiting | Inclusion criteria | Internet format | Intervention | Comparison | Duration | NSession | Medic. | Overallattrition | Average age & SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bickel, 2008 | Opioids | U | Community | M/F, DSM‐IV opioid dependence | ADD | CRA + CM | TAU | 23 W | 72 | Bupren. | 40% | 28.6 ± 9.1 |
| Christensen, 2014 | Opioids | U | Community | M/F, DSM‐IV opioid dependence | ADD | CRA + CM + TAU | CM + TAU | 12 W | 36 | Bupren. | 27% | 34.4 ± 9.9 |
| Chopra, 2009 | Opioids | U | Community | M/F, DSM‐IV opioid dependence | ADD | CRA + CM + TAU | TAU | 12 W | 48 | Bupren. | 27% | 31.8 ± 10.2 |
| Marsch, 2014 | Opioids | U | Out‐patient clinic | M/F, DSM‐IV opioid dependence | ADD | CRA + TAU | TAU | 52 W | 30 | Meth. | 61% | 40.7 ± 9.8 |
| Brooks, 2010 | Stimulants | S,U | Out‐patient clinic | M/F, DSM‐IV cocaine abuse/ dependence | ADD | CRA + CM + TAU | TAU | 8 W | 48 | NR | 8% | 43.1 ± 9.4 |
| Carrol, 2014 | Stimulants | U | Out‐patient clinic | M/F, DSM‐IV cocaine dependence | ADD | CBT + TAU | TAU | 8 W | 8 | Meth. | 26% | 42 ± 9.6 |
| Schaub, 2012 | Stimulants | S | Community | M/F, cocaine use ≥ 3 times past 30 days | SA | CBT | EDUC. | 6 W | 8 | NO | 85% | 34.2 ± 8.8 |
| Tait, 2014 | Stimulants | S, | Community | M/F, ATS use in past 90 days | SA | CBT | WLC | 12 W | 3 | NO | 50% | 22.4 ± 6.3 |
| Campbell, 2014 | Any | U | Out‐patient clinic | M/F illicit substance use past 60 days | ADD | CRA + CM + TAU | TAU | 12 W | 48 | NO | 56% | 34.9 ± 10.9 |
| Carrol, 2008 | Any | S,U | Out‐patient clinic | M/F, any DSM‐IV substance dependence disorder | ADD | CBT + TAU | TAU | 8 W | 6 | NR | 34% | 41.6 ± 10.2 |
| Fals‐Stewart, 2010 | Any | S,U | Residential center | M/F, any DSM‐IV substance dependence disorder | ADD | CR + TAU | TAU + TT | 8 W | 24 | NR | 8% | 32.8 ± 6.9 |
| Christoff, 2015 | Any | S | Community | M/F, ASSIST between 4 and 26 | SA | MI | MI | 1D | 1 | NR | NA | 24 ± 5.4 |
| Schwartz, 2014 | Any | S,H | Hospital | M/F, ASSIST between 4 and 26 | SA | BI | BI | 1D | 1 | NR | NA | 36.1 ± 14.7 |
| Ondersma, 2005 | Any | S | Hospital | F, any illicit drug use 30 days prior pregnancy | SA | MI | AO | 1D | 1 | NR | NA | 23.4 ± 4.9 |
| Ondersma, 2007 | Any | S,U,H | Hospital | F, any illicit drug use 30 days prior pregnancy | SA | MI | AO | 1D | 1 | NR | NA | 25.1 ± 5.6 |
| Ondersma, 2014 | Any | S,U,H | Hospital | F, any illicit drug use 30 days prior pregnancy | SA | MI | AO | 1D | 1 | NR | NA | 26.6 ± 6 |
| Sinadinovic, 2012 | Any | S | Community | M/F, DUDIT over zero | SA | MI | AO | 1D | 1 | NR | 66% | 32.6 ± NR |
ADD = add‐on intervention; ASSIST = Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; ATS = amphetamine‐type stimulants; BI = brief intervention; Bupren. = buprenorphine; CBT = cognitive–behavioural therapy; CM = contingency management; CR= cognitive rehabilitation; CRA = community reinforcement approach; D = day; DUDIT = Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; F = female; M = male; Medic. = medication; Meth. = methadone; MI = motivational interviewing; NR = not reported; EDUC = psychoeducation; SA = standalone intervention; SD = standard deviation; TAU = treatment as usual; TT = typing tutorial; W = week; WLC = waiting list control; NA = not available.
By the term ‘any illicit substances’ we describe individuals that use at least one illicit substance and are included in transdiagnostic interventions targeting various substances at once.
By the term ‘measure’ we describe the primary outcome variable. This column also indicates which study provided multiple measures to our analyses; H = hair analyses; S = self‐report; U = urine analyses.