Table 2.
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | |
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)a | −0.12 (−0.18; −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.18; −0.05) | <0.001 | −0.05 (−0.11; 0.02) | 0.162 | −0.06 (−0.12; 0.00) | 0.061 |
2-h glucose (mmol/l)a | −0.33 (−0.53; −0.12) | 0.002 | −0.30 (−0.51; −0.10) | 0.004 | −0.11 (−0.32; 0.10) | 0.301 | −0.13 (−0.34; 0.08) | 0.228 |
HbA1c (%)a | −0.08 (−0.12; −0.05) | <0.001 | −0.08 (−0.12; −0.05) | <0.001 | −0.06 (−0.10; −0.03) | 0.001 | −0.07 (−0.11; −0.03) | <0.001 |
Fasting insulin (µU/ml)a,b | −0.17 (−0.29; −0.05) | 0.007 | −0.16 (−0.28; −0.04) | 0.010 | 0.05 (−0.07; 0.16) | 0.446 | 0.06 (−0.06; 0.18) | 0.367 |
2-h insulin (µU/ml)a,b | −0.21 (−0.33; −0.09) | 0.001 | −0.20 (−0.31; −0.08) | 0.001 | −0.03 (−0.14; 0.09) | 0.647 | −0.03 (−0.15; 0.08) | 0.571 |
HOMA-IRa,b | −0.20 (−0.33; −0.07) | 0.002 | −0.19 (−0.32; −0.06) | 0.003 | 0.04 (−0.09; 0.16) | 0.573 | 0.04 (−0.08; 0.16) | 0.518 |
ISI (composite) (1/((mmol/l) × (pmol/l)))a,b | 0.25 (0.13; 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.12; 0.36) | <0.001 | 0.02 (−0.09; 0.14) | 0.707 | 0.03 (−0.09; 0.14) | 0.667 |
HOMA-βa | −0.08 (−0.20; 0.03) | 0.170 | −0.08 (−0.19; 0.04) | 0.206 | 0.08 (−0.04; 0.19) | 0.207 | 0.09 (−0.03; 0.21) | 0.126 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −1.80 (−2.16; −1.44) | <0.001 | −1.77 (−2.12; −1.42) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | −1.56 (−1.90; −1.23) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | −4.30 (−5.21; −3.40) | <0.001 | −4.23 (−5.12; −3.34) | <0.001 | −0.27 (−0.71; 0.17) | 0.229 | −0.17 (−0.62; 0.28) | 0.451 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)c | −4.19 (−6.46; −1.92) | <0.001 | −3.99 (−6.28; −1.70) | 0.001 | −3.36 (−5.76; −0.95) | 0.007 | −3.40 (−5.83; −0.97) | 0.006 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)c | −1.56 (−2.73; −0.40) | 0.009 | −1.49 (−2.67; −0.32) | 0.013 | −0.95 (−2.18; 0.28) | 0.131 | −1.07 (−2.31; 0.16) | 0.089 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)d | 0.09 (0.05; 0.12) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.05; 0.12) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.00; 0.06) | 0.070 | 0.04 (0.01; 0.08) | 0.009 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)d | −0.04 (−0.13; 0.04) | 0.334 | −0.04 (−0.13; 0.04) | 0.346 | −0.06 (−0.15; 0.04) | 0.229 | −0.05 (−0.14; 0.04) | 0.302 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l)b,d | −0.08 (−0.15; −0.01) | 0.026 | −0.08 (−0.15; −0.01) | 0.029 | 0.01 (−0.06; 0.08) | 0.690 | −0.02 (−0.09; 0.05) | 0.646 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2)e | −2.67 (−3.80; −1.54) | <0.001 | −2.70 (−3.82; −1.58) | 0.001 | −3.74 (−4.89; −2.59) | <0.001 | −3.77 (−4.91; −2.63) | <0.001 |
hsCRP (mg/l)b | −0.32 (−0.45; −0.20) | <0.001 | −0.31 (−0.44; −0.19) | <0.001 | −0.16 (−0.28; −0.04) | 0.012 | −0.18 (−0.31; −0.06) | 0.005 |
IL-6 (pg/ml)b | −0.13 (−0.21; −0.05) | 0.001 | −0.13 (−0.20; −0.05) | 0.001 | −0.04 (−0.12; 0.04) | 0.328 | −0.05 (−0.13; 0.03) | 0.328 |
IL-1RA (pg/ml)b | −0.11 (−0.16; −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.16; −0.06) | <0.001 | −0.01 (−0.06; 0.04) | 0.700 | −0.02 (−0.07; 0.03) | 0.484 |
Adiponectin (µg/ml)b | 0.19 (0.13; 0.25) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.13; 0.25) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.06; 0.19) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.03; 0.15) | 0.003 |
Regression coefficients β and 95% CI are standardised to a doubling in SFRP5 levels in linear regression analysis. Italics print indicates significant associations (P < 0.05)
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, Model 2 model 1 + physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, Model 3 model 2 + BMI, Model 4 model 3 + HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid-lowering medication, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction, estimated glomerular filtration rate
aIndividuals with known type 2 diabetes (n = 156) excluded
bVariables were log2-transformed for the linear regression analysis
cIndividuals with anti-hypertensive medication (n = 627) excluded, no adjustment for hypertension in model 4
dIndividuals with lipid-lowering medication (n = 270) excluded, no adjustment for HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and lipid-lowering medication in model 4
eNo adjustment for eGFR in model 4