Figure 5.

Immunocal protects CGNs from AlCl₃-induced toxicity. (a) Representative images of CGNs left untreated (control), treated with AlCl₃ (10 μM), or preincubated with Immunocal for 24 h before AlCl₃ treatment for further 48 h. Panels from left to right, DAPI (nuclei), β-tubulin, and merged image showing β-tubulin (green), and DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 10 μm. (b) CGN apoptosis was quantified for 4 independent experiments as described in (a). Results are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 4. ∗∗∗ indicates p < 0.001 compared to control, and †† indicates p < 0.01 compared to AlCl₃. Con: control; ICAL: Immunocal.