Figure 2.

Metformin targets multiple pathways of oncogenesis and aging.

Notes: The figure schematically depicts the pathways that are important to target oncogenesis and aging, and indicates at which points metformin has been shown to have effects. These processes jointly affect cellular survival, antioxidation, inflammation, autophagy and protein synthesis, which are major biological outcomes associated with oncogenesis and aging/longevity. The green background means that metformin has a negative effect on the step. The yellow background means that metformin has an active effect on the step.

Abbreviations: IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; IR, insulin receptor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase.