Table 3.
Results of regression analyses: cross-sectional associations of the factors associated with the number of APSs
| Variables | Univariable model§
|
Multivariable model 1¤ (R2 = 20%; p < 0.001)
|
Multivariable model 2§§ (R2 = 21%; p < 0.001)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression coefficients (B) | 95% CI | p-value | Regression coefficients (B) | 95% CI | p-value | Regression coefficients (B) | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 65–69 (reference category) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 70–74 | 0.07 | −0.11, 0.27 | 0.410 | −0.03 | −0.30, 0.23 | 0.795 | −0.05 | −0.39, 0.28 | 0.755 |
| 75–79 | 0.20 | 0.01, 0.40 | 0.037 | 0.06 | −0.21, 0.34 | 0.653 | 0.72 | 0.08, 1.36 | 0.025 |
| 80–84 | −0.07 | −0.28, 0.12 | 0.452 | −0.49 | −0.81, −0.16 | 0.003 | −0.10 | −0.83, 0.62 | 0.781 |
| ≥85 | −0.09 | −0.32, 0.12 | 0.397 | −0.56 | −0.94, −0.19 | 0.003 | −0.03 | −0.88, 0.80 | 0.931 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male (reference category) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 0.77 | 0.63, 0.90 | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.37, 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.37, 1.01 | <0.001 |
| Civil status | |||||||||
| Single (reference category) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Married | 0.32 | 0.02, 0.62 | 0.031 | 0.78 | 0.35, 1.22 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.42, 1.58 | 0.001 |
| Divorced | 0.20 | 0.01, 0.40 | 0.040 | −0.02 | −0.29, 0.25 | 0.874 | 0.03 | −0.36, 0.43 | 0.874 |
| Widowed | 0.14 | −0.01, 0.31 | 0.081 | −0.13 | −0.39, 0.13 | 0.337 | −0.32 | −0.79, 0.14 | 0.177 |
| Education | |||||||||
| Secondary (reference category) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Upper secondary or vocational training | 0.04 | −0.12, 0.20 | 0.628 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| University | −0.15 | −0.33, 0.01 | 0.076 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total annual income | −0.01 | −0.00, −9.17 | <0.001 | 8.67 | −5.51, 7.24 | 0.790 | 2.96 | −4.57, 0.01 | 0.441 |
| NRS7d | 0.43 | 0.39, 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.13 | 0.07, 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 0.06, 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Pain frequency | |||||||||
| Seldom (reference category) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sometimes | 1.77 | 1.43, 2.11 | <0.001 | 1.18 | 0.74, 1.61 | <0.001 | 1.09 | 0.44, 1.75 | 0.001 |
| Often | 2.99 | 2.66, 3.33 | <0.001 | 1.92 | 1.47, 2.38 | <0.001 | 1.91 | 1.23, 2.59 | <0.001 |
| Always/nearly always | 4.05 | 3.71, 4.39 | 0.003 | 2.78 | 2.29, 3.27 | <0.001 | 2.51 | 1.78, 3.24 | <0.001 |
| Total GWBS | −0.05 | −0.05, −0.04 | <0.001 | −0.02 | −0.02, −0.01 | <0.001 | −0.02 | −0.03, −0.01 | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D-VAS | −0.05 | −0.04, −0.03 | <0.001 | −0.02 | −0.02, −0.01 | <0.001 | −0.02 | −0.02, −0.01 | 0.001 |
| Overall life satisfaction | −0.27 | −0.30, −0.24 | <0.001 | 0.02 | −0.04, 0.08 | 0.513 | 0.04 | −0.04, 0.14 | 0.306 |
Notes:
Each independent factor one at a time.
Unadjusted multivariable analysis of all significant factors derived from univariable analysis together in one model, simultaneously controlled for.
Multivariable analysis of the associations of multivariable model 1 adjusted for consumption of analgesics and the total number of comorbidities. Significant p-values are given in bold.
Abbreviations: APSs, anatomical pain sites; NRS7d, pain intensity for the previous 7 days measured by numeric rating scale; EQ-5D-VAS, the Euro Quality of Life Vertical Visual Analog Scale; B, unstandardized regression coefficients; R2, multiple correlation coefficient squared; CI, confidence interval; GWBS, General Well-Being Schedule.