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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9650. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09483-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rapid multiple host transitions with different recombination rates. Number of cells (A) and mean fitness (B) for recombination to mutation ratios of r/m = 0 (blue), r/m = 0.1 (red), r/m = 1 (green), r/m = 10 (magenta) and r/m = 100 (brown) as they progress through several niche transfers (broken lines), for which selective pressures are alternatively imposed to favor genes specifying adaptation to one or the other host. (C) Population growth distribution at various recombination rates at generations 200 (transition from composite niche to the first host), 1400 (last transition growth phase in host 2) and 1600 (end of simulation after 6 host switches).