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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9840. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10320-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SS-31 improves the quality and quantity of mitochondria in GM15850 cells after SS-31 treatment. (a) Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), examined with a fluorescent probe JC-1. (b) ATP content. (c) Ratio of NADH/NAD⁺. (d) Relative copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) normalised to nuclear DNA (nDNA). CytB represents mtDNA genome; β-actin represents nuclear genome. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 4, each duplicates). (e) Mitochondrial morphology revealed by electron transmission microscopy. Ctr: GM15849; FRDA: GM15850; FRDA+SS-31: GM15850 cells treated with SS-31 for 24 h. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 3, each duplicates). A one-way ANOVA was carried out, ^# p < 0.05, compared with Ctr. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared with the untreated GM15850 cells.