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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9622. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08985-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–f) CSLM micrographs (with stereoscope micrograph insets) of digested corn stover particles display morphological features typical of materials exposed to DA, AP, and CF pretreatments. Among these, the clearest evidence for cellular dislocation and deconstruction at the tissue scale is seen in the samples exposed to CF pretreatment (c,f). At this scale, there are no clear or consistent differences between the CTec2 and CelA digested samples (g–l). TEM micrographs of secondary cell walls from fiber cells show evidence for delamination, wall loosening and enzymatic deconstruction. The DACS micrographs show the coalescence and relocalization of lignin into globules that is typical of dilute acid (g,j) pretreatment. The APCS cell walls (h,k) show lower contrast and reveal cellulose structure due to lignin removal and show evidence for channels or cavities formed in CelA digested material (_* k). The digested CFCS samples (i,l) display the clearest evidence for a difference between the deconstruction mechanism of CelA compared to CTec2 revealing completely cleared cavities near the surface of cell wall regions (_* i) similar to the cavities previously observed in Avicel particles.