Table 3.
Different model specifications evaluating effect of pesticide exposure on birth outcomes
| Log BW | Low BW | Log gestation | Short gestation | Birth abnormalities | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Distance >200 m | |||||
| Total AI | −0.00611* | 0.00505 | −0.00270*** | 0.0128*** | 0.00528 |
| (0.00254) | (0.00303) | (0.000709) | (0.00362) | (0.00288) | |
| Tox Cat 1 & 2 | −0.00420 | 0.00321 | −0.00149 | 0.00589 | 0.00194 |
| (0.00263) | (0.00299) | (0.000791) | (0.00403) | (0.00287) | |
| Tox Cat 3 & 4 | 0.00114 | −0.00367 | −0.000848 | 0.00588 | 0.00284 |
| (0.00266) | (0.00276) | (0.000751) | (0.00354) | (0.00298) | |
| Trimester 1 | −0.00633** | 0.00345 | −0.000960 | 0.00403 | 0.000888 |
| (0.00213) | (0.00229) | (0.000851) | (0.00426) | (0.00279) | |
| Trimester 2 | −0.00210 | 0.00471* | −0.000461 | 0.00396 | 0.000110 |
| (0.00206) | (0.00227) | (0.000626) | (0.00354) | (0.00267) | |
| Trimester 3 | 0.00131 | −0.00120 | −0.00142* | 0.00413 | 0.00163 |
| (0.00213) | (0.00256) | (0.000692) | (0.00380) | (0.00257) | |
| N = 74 646 | N = 74 646 | N = 74 646 | N = 74 646 | N = 74 338 | |
| B. Aerial & ground application | |||||
| Total AI, Aerial | 0.000861 | 0.000945 | −0.000449 | 0.000808 | 0.00327 |
| (0.00183) | (0.00193) | (0.000761) | (0.00279) | (0.00265) | |
| Total AI, Ground | −0.00382* | 0.000917 | −0.00132* | 0.00684* | 0.00485* |
| (0.00157) | (0.00180) | (0.000571) | (0.00280) | (0.00211) | |
| N = 137 210 | N = 137 210 | N = 137 210 | N = 137 210 | N = 136 621 | |
| C. 0 & 4th trimester | |||||
| Trimester 0 | 0.000308 | −0.000203 | 0.000158 | 0.00162 | 0.00106 |
| (0.00151) | (0.00205) | (0.000666) | (0.00323) | (0.00182) | |
| Trimester 4 | −0.000666 | −0.00355 | 0.000348 | −0.00129 | −0.00228 |
| (0.00160) | (0.00188) | (0.000584) | (0.00282) | (0.00245) | |
| N = 137 210 | N = 137 210 | N = 137 210 | N = 137 210 | N = 136 621 | |
(A) Distance corresponds to mother’s address being at least 200 m from the nearest region boundary, defined by the PLS Section. (B) “Aerial” and “Ground” are total pesticide active ingredients over gestation by application method. (C) is the same specification as in Table 2B with the addition of covariates for the first three months before pregnancy (trimester 0) and the first 3 months after birth (trimester 4). We expect the 4th trimester in particular to have no effect. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, based on two-sided t-tests and *** indicates significance with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Bold indicates significant coefficients in the expected direction